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This course presents techniques that increase the reliability and security of circuit breaker protection and control schemes. This includes discussion of physical separation of redundant schemes, cabling and cable routing, insights to improve control scheme actuations, enhancements with microprocessor based technology and an introduction to fracture analysis.
Participants will gain an understanding of how protective relaying schemes are essential to uninterrupted operation of the electric energy grid and will recognize the need to match protection and control schemes with microprocessor and control technology.
Attendees will gain valuable insight from Prescient鈥檚 subject matter experts. These professionals investigate incidents affecting the electric grid, serve as forensic engineers when components fail and create innovative models to address future grid challenges and solutions.
This three-day course will demonstrate:
- Traditional and enhanced protection and control scheme wiring
- The benefits of physical electrical separation of redundant schemes
- How fracture analysis supports reliability and security considerations
Benefits and Learning Outcomes
- Define traditional and enhanced protection and control scheme designs.
- Understand how protection and control schemes can be redesigned to eliminate wide area blackout concerns.
- Apply fracture analysis when developing protection and control schemes.
- Analyze design base considerations.
- Evaluate the criteria used to develop protection and control schemes.
- Create an action plan to enhance protective relay scheme applications.
Course Outline/Topics
Day 1: Develop an understanding of traditional protection and control schemes, including:
- Components that are part of circuit breaker trip and close circuitry
- Location of each component
- Layout drawings that show conduits, trays and trenches
- Block diagrams that show cable routing between components
- DC schematics that show circuit breaker trip and close circuitry
- Current schematics that show current inputs
- Potential schematics that show voltage inputs
- Internal panel wiring
- Panel to panel cabling and connect lists
At the end of Day 1, participants will have discussed and received copies of the following:
- Substation one line diagram
- Substation plan view drawing
- Conduit, tray and trench layout
- Cable routing block diagram
- Cable list
- Circuit breaker trip and close schematic
- Circuit breaker cable termination schedule
- Protective relay panel front view
- Protective relay panel internal wiring
- Protective relay panel cable termination schedule
Day 2: Develop an understanding of protection and control scheme design considerations, including:
- Reliability 鈥� Guaranteed to trip
- Security 鈥� Ability to restrain from tripping incorrectly
- Redundancy 鈥� Ability to overcome a single failure
- Physical separation
- Consequence of failure to trip
- Misoperation identification
- Component failures/malfunctions
- Communication failures
- Design errors – AC system
- Design errors – DC system
- Logic errors
- Insufficient / inadequate testing
- Discussion of actual protective relay misoperations
At the conclusion of Day 2, participants will understand considerations that must be included in their assessment of the adequacy of circuit breaker tripping schemes.
Day 3: Develop an understanding of enhanced protection and control scheme designs, including:
- Tabulation of design base considerations
- Fracture analysis that identifies consequential failures
- Two of three voting logic to increase security
- One of two 鈥渢aken twice鈥� voting logic to increase security and dependability
- Remote circuit breaker failure detection
- Resilience to actions of threat actors
At the end of Day 3, participants will have discussed and received copies of the following:
- Enhanced substation plan view drawing
- Enhanced cable routing block diagram
- Enhanced cable list
- Circuit breaker trip schematic with 2 of 3 voting logic
- Circuit breaker trip schematic with 1 of 2 taken twice voting logic
- Fracture analysis considerations tabulation
At the conclusion of Day 3, participants will understand how circuit breaker protection and control schemes can be enhanced to mitigate the possibility of cascading failures.
Who Should Attend
This course is designed to provide foundational knowledge needed to ensure that short circuits and other anomalies are isolated before the electric energy grid cascades into an unrecoverable condition. Course content will appeal to executives, managers, and engineers at any stage in their career as well as analysts, coordinators, project managers, and regulatory officials.