{"id":77233,"date":"2019-11-18T10:08:40","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T16:08:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/?p=77233"},"modified":"2019-11-21T09:56:41","modified_gmt":"2019-11-21T15:56:41","slug":"uwm-team-unlocks-new-age-of-protein-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/uwm-team-unlocks-new-age-of-protein-research\/","title":{"rendered":"51ÁÔÆæ team unlocks new age of protein research"},"content":{"rendered":"

To study the swiftness of biology \u2013 the protein chemistry behind every life function \u2013 scientists need to see molecules changing and interacting in unimaginably rapid time increments \u2013 trillionths of a second or shorter.<\/p>\n

Imaging equipment with that kind of speed was finally tested last year at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser, or EuXFEL. Now, a team of physicists from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee has completed the facility\u2019s first molecular movie, or \u201cmapping,\u201d of the ultrafast movement of proteins.<\/p>\n

With this capability, scientists can watch how proteins do their jobs properly \u2013 or how their shape-changing goes awry, causing disease.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Members of the Schmidt lab who worked on the paper include (from left) doctoral student Ishwor Poudyal, Professor Marius Schmidt and doctoral student and first author Suraj Pandey. (51ÁÔÆæ Photo\/Troye Fox)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cCreating maps of a protein\u2019s physical functioning opens the door to answering much bigger biological questions,\u201d said Marius Schmidt, a 51ÁÔÆæ professor of physics who designed the experiment. \u201cYou could say that the EuXFEL can now be looked on as a tool that helps to save lives.\u201d<\/p>\n

Their findings marked a new age of protein research that enables enzymes involved in disease to be observed in real time for meaningful durations in unprecedented clarity. The paper is published online today<\/a> in the journal Nature Methods.<\/p>\n

The EuXFEL produces intense X-rays in extremely short pulses at a megahertz rate \u2013 a million pulses a second. The rays are aimed at crystals containing proteins, in a method called X-ray crystallography. When a crystal is hit by the X-ray pulse, it diffracts the beam, scattering in a certain pattern that reveals where the atoms are and producing a \u201csnapshot.\u201d<\/p>\n

The rapid-fire X-ray pulses produce 2D snapshots of each pattern from hundreds of thousands of angles where the beam lands on the crystal. Those are mathematically reconstructed into moving 3D images that show changes in the arrangement of atoms over time.<\/p>\n

A new level<\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/em>The European XFEL, which opened last year, has taken this atom-mapping to a new level. Extremely powerful bursts contain X-ray pulses at a quadrillionth of a second, in \u201cbursts\u201d that occur at 100 millisecond intervals.<\/p>\n

Schmidt\u2019s experiment began with a flash of blue, visible light that induced a chemical reaction inside the protein crystal, followed immediately by a burst of intense X-rays in megahertz pulses that produce the \u201csnapshots.\u201d<\/p>\n

It\u2019s an experiment he first staged in 2014 at the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in California. There, he and his students were able to document atomic changes in their protein samples for the first time at an XFEL.<\/p>\n

Subsequently, in 2016, they were able to map the rearrangement of atoms in the range of time proteins take to change their shapes \u2013 quadrillionths of a second (femtoseconds) up to 3 trillionths of a second (picoseconds). In a picosecond, which is a trillionth of a second, light travels the length of the period at the end of this sentence.<\/p>\n

Previous time-resolved crystallography on their photoreactive protein had already been completedusing other X-ray sources capable of imaging time scales larger than 100 picoseconds, leaving a gap of uncharted time between 3 and 100 picoseconds that the scientists were able to fill using the EuXFEL.<\/p>\n

Much quicker data gathering<\/h3>\n

The exceptional brightness of the laser and the megahertz X-ray pulse rate allowed them to gather data much quicker and with greater resolution and over longer time frames.<\/p>\n

Schmidt describes EuXFEL as \u201ca machine of superlatives.\u201d The largest XFEL in the world, it is 3 kilometers long, spanning the distance between the German federal states of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein. Superconductive technology is used to accelerate high-energy electrons, which generates the X-rays.<\/p>\n

Schmidt, a biophysicist who has participated in more than 30 XFEL imaging projects to date, offered a taste of the medical potential of enhanced crystallography with the XFEL: Using this method, he has witnessed how multiple proteins work together<\/a>, how enzymes responsible for antibiotic resistance disable a drug<\/a> and how proteins change their shape<\/a> in order to absorb light and enable sight.<\/p>\n

Doctoral student Suraj Pandey, who came to 51ÁÔÆæ from his native Nepal, is first author on the paper. He now has experience with technology that few people in the world can claim, at least for now. He said he was not sure what to expect going into the experiment.<\/p>\n

Pandey\u2019s role was to analyze the data and calculate the maps of structural change. Of the millions of X-ray pulses that XFELs deliver, the majority don\u2019t hit a target at all. In fact, only 1% to 2% diffract off a protein crystal, while the remaining pulses produce \u201cnoise\u201d that must be removed from the data.<\/p>\n

The team had other worries too, he said. It took months for Pandey to grow the protein required to produce the experiment\u2019s crystals, but during their transport to Germany, the 5 grams of frozen protein was detained in customs for several days, during which some of it melted.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Employing cutting-edge imaging equipment, physicists can now watch molecules in action, both operating properly or going awry and causing disease. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":836,"featured_media":77235,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[174],"tags":[250],"section":[135,137],"display_categories":[115,116],"related-coverage":[],"uwmnews-feed":[158,153,161],"class_list":["post-77233","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-student-success","section-health","section-public-health","display_categories-top-story-secondary","display_categories-top-story-section","uwmnews-feed-letters-science","uwmnews-feed-graduate","uwmnews-feed-hard-science"],"yoast_head":"\n51ÁÔÆæ team unlocks new age of protein research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Employing 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