{"id":67987,"date":"2019-02-26T09:27:50","date_gmt":"2019-02-26T15:27:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/?p=67987"},"modified":"2019-03-01T15:12:07","modified_gmt":"2019-03-01T21:12:07","slug":"students-go-to-ends-of-the-earth-to-dig-up-climate-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/students-go-to-ends-of-the-earth-to-dig-up-climate-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Students go to ends of the Earth to dig up climate history"},"content":{"rendered":"
Between 256 million and 335 million years ago, the landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere were squished together in a super continent called Gondwana. Gripped in the cold throes of an ice age, glaciers moved slowly across the landscape, churning up ground and leaving a trail of sediment in their wake. They retreated as the Earth warmed, transitioning from an icehouse to a greenhouse climate at the end of the Paleozoic Era.<\/p>\n
Today, 51ÁÔÆæ geosciences students are studying those glacier trails, hoping to discover information about the past that might help us understand our warming climate in the present.<\/p>\n
Nailing down the geologic record<\/h3>\n
Since about the 1960s, said distinguished professor of geosciences John Isbell, scientists have worked under the idea that Gondwana was covered by one giant glacier, buried under ice for over 100 million years.<\/p>\n
But, he said, when studied in detail, the geology tells a different story. Drawing on research about ancient sea levels, Isbell determined that the late Paleozoic oceans were not\u00a0gaining nor losing water volume on the scale that would be locked up in an expanding and shrinking massive ice sheet.<\/p>\nGraduate student Kate Pauls, shown at a valley in Argentina, is researching the paleoclimate of area, looking for evidence of what the environment was like during the ice age. (John Isbell photo)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\u201cWhat we\u2019re finding is that there are alternating 1 to 8 million-year intervals where there was ice, and 1 to 8 million-year intervals where there was less ice or no ice within that time frame,\u201d Isbell said. \u201cAnd that ice wasn\u2019t fluctuating from a single ice center, but a whole bunch of smaller ice centers.\u201d<\/p>\n
In fact, research shows that there were at least 22 ice sheets. Now Isbell and his students are trying to determine what might have happened to those glaciers and the landscape during those intervals.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe look at physical sedimentology \u2013 everything from the size and shape of a sand grain to the large-scale architecture of sandstones. That tells us about what the glaciers were like at that time,\u201d graduate student Libby Ives said. \u201cBecause these rocks are only preserved in certain places, we have to go to those places.\u201d<\/p>\n
For graduate student Eduardo Luiz Menozzo da Rosa, that includes the Paran\u00e1 Basin in Brazil, and, this May, Namibia.<\/p>\n
\u201cThere are some valleys over there that are believed to be shaped by the glaciers. Those valleys are the connection between the ice sheets in Africa to the eastern part of the Paran\u00e1 basin,\u201d he said. He\u2019s looking for evidence that the same glaciers that might have shaped the landscape of Namibia traveled far enough in Gondwana to alter Brazilian geography as well.<\/p>\n
\u201cAll of John\u2019s students are looking at small little snippets, and then hopefully we\u2019re going to put that big picture back together after we\u2019ve got somebody covering every area,\u201d graduate student Kate Pauls said. She\u2019s researching the paleoclimate of Argentina, examining the bulk rock geochemistry of the sedimentary units of the Paganzo Basin to look for evidence of what the environment was like during the ice age.<\/p>\n
Other students have traveled to places like Patagonia in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Antarctica, and Tasmania.<\/p>\n
Understanding today\u2019s climate change<\/h3>\n
This research is essential because the late Paleozoic ice age was the last time that the Earth transitioned from an \u201cicehouse\u201d to \u201cgreenhouse\u201d conditions \u2013 a state marked by higher temperatures, plants growing at the north and south poles, with ice found only on mountaintops.<\/p>\nGeosciences graduate student Eduardo Luiz Menozzo de Rosa examines a rock face in the Parana Basin in Brazil. (John Isbell photo)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Today\u2019s climate conditions seem remarkably similar. Just like the late Paleozoic ice house to greenhouse transition, an overabundance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere seems to be leading to the shrinking of today\u2019s ice caps. Isbell warns, though, that today the Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate.<\/p>\n
\u201cUnderstanding the history of our planet is important to interpreting what\u2019s happening in our present day,\u201d Ives said. \u201cI took a wilderness first-responder course, and one of the things they drilled into our head was when trying to determine what is wrong with someone, you have to ask, \u2018What\u2019s normal for you?\u2019 To understand the present state of our Earth and these large-scale (climate) trends, we need to know what was normal in the past.\u201d<\/p>\n
That way, da Rosa added, \u201cwe can start to make predictions about future climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n
For instance, the ice house to greenhouse transition was followed by a mass extinction event when 90 percent of Earth\u2019s species died out. The planet is in the midst of another mass extinction, Isbell said, and we should pay attention to the past to understand what might be in store should more carbon and greenhouse gases be released into the atmosphere.<\/p>\n
That should concern everyone, Isbell said.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe can\u2019t roll the dice and expect to survive every time.\u201d<\/p>\n
Let the good times ‘rock’ and roll<\/h3>\n
Though future predictions surrounding climate change can seem bleak, the work itself is not. Pauls, Ives and de Rosa recount with excitement traveling to new countries, working with international teams of geologists and paleontologists and braving remote areas and extreme weather conditions in the name of science.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe best New Year\u2019s Eve party I ever had was in Antarctica, 300 kilometers from the South Pole,\u201d Ives said with a laugh. \u201cThe sun was out the whole time. The next day, everybody played baseball with a rock wrapped in bubble wrap, in the middle of a glacier.\u201d<\/p>\nJohn Isbell, distinguished professor of geosciences, stands next to a map of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. (Sarah Vickery photo)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Pauls\u2019 favorite memory of field work comes from her time in Argentina. She and Isbell were collecting rock samples with an Argentine colleague, Carina Colombi, when Isbell began working ahead. To reach some hard-to-climb areas, he abandoned his backpack.<\/p>\n
\u201cAfter running out of pockets, he had apparently just started shoving samples in his shirt. We were like, look! It\u2019s Kangaroo John! Because he just had a bulging pouch of samples,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n
Isbell himself recalls with pride being the first person \u2013 or multicellular organism, for that matter \u2013 to lay eyes on a particular region of Antarctica, and braving treacherous conditions in Siberia when the next-closest town to his outpost was 2,000 miles away in Alaska.<\/p>\n
Wherever they travel, whatever the conditions, there\u2019s plenty of rock and sediment waiting for them.<\/p>\n
\u201cOf course, when you answer something, you always find another question,\u201d Pauls said. \u201cThat\u2019s how science is.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
51ÁÔÆæ geosciences students are piecing together data from rocks and sediment to figure out clues left behind by glaciers. The knowledge can help us understand climate change in the present. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":785,"featured_media":67992,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[174,175],"tags":[250],"section":[139,143],"display_categories":[115,116],"related-coverage":[],"uwmnews-feed":[158,153,161],"class_list":["post-67987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-research","tag-student-success","section-science-technology","section-water-environment","display_categories-top-story-secondary","display_categories-top-story-section","uwmnews-feed-letters-science","uwmnews-feed-graduate","uwmnews-feed-hard-science"],"yoast_head":"\n
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