{"id":6712,"date":"2013-03-27T08:39:48","date_gmt":"2013-03-27T13:39:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/?p=6712"},"modified":"2015-11-12T08:01:42","modified_gmt":"2015-11-12T14:01:42","slug":"restoring-americas-homegrown-philosophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/restoring-americas-homegrown-philosophy\/","title":{"rendered":"Restoring America\u2019s homegrown philosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Robert Schwartz (left), 51ÁÔÆæ Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, and his graduate student Phil Mack share an interest in the revival of a uniquely American brand of philosophy, Pragmatism. (Photo by Alan Magayne-Roshak<\/em>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When master\u2019s student Dan Giglio enrolled in a philosophy course taught by Robert Schwarz, he knew \u201cright off the bat\u201d it wouldn\u2019t be an ordinary course. \u201cHe had a unique outlook that I hadn\u2019t found in my other professors,\u201d says Giglio.<\/p>\n

Schwartz, a 51ÁÔÆæ Distinguished Professor, approaches philosophical inquiry using a method that had fallen so far out of favor that today\u2019s students might never encounter it. But Pragmatism is back and Schwartz has contributed to its recent revival.<\/p>\n

A uniquely American brand of philosophy that flourished in the late 19th<\/sup> and early 20th<\/sup> centuries, Pragmatism holds that concepts and theories are best thought of as instruments that can have consequences on current problems. They contribute to a course of action, rather than lead to \u201ctelos,\u201d an end or final outcome.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Renewed interest in Pragmatism is spreading among students too, including master\u2019s students (from left) Daniel Giglio, Kirun Sankaran and Phil Mack. (Photo by Troye Fox<\/em>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cThe aim of inquiry is not the discovery of eternal truths, but the invention of tools to better meet present problems and projects,\u201d says Schwartz.<\/p>\n

By the 1940s, Pragmatism was all but forgotten. Many philosophers find Pragmatism unpalatable because it questions the significance of the search for permanent answers to perennial problems, an aim so deeply rooted in traditional philosophy.<\/p>\n

\u201cClassical philosophers are looking for truths that are true at all times,\u201d says master\u2019s student Phil Mack of Appleton. \u201cIt\u2019s tricky to spell out truth with Pragmatists.\u201d<\/p>\n

Darwin and democracy<\/strong><\/p>\n

In his recent book, \u201cRethinking Pragmatism,\u201d Schwartz argues that, just as in Darwin\u2019s day, the pragmatic method continues to offer more insight into the nature of scientific and ethical inquiry than current popular accounts.<\/p>\n

Darwinism and other scientific milestones of the time put long-held beliefs about the physical world in serious doubt. \u201cIf what Darwin was saying was true, then there would be no telos,\u201d says Mack.<\/p>\n

For philosophers, Pragmatism offered a method of working on such questions, while allowing that today\u2019s solutions were likely to be overturned as new evidence was uncovered, that better theories would have to be developed, and that new goals would have to be set.<\/p>\n

The acid test for one of the early Pragmatists, William James, was the measure of an idea\u2019s impact, says Giglio. \u201cYou ask yourself, is it a difference that makes a difference?\u201d<\/p>\n

In the case of science, Schwartz uses the example of the debate in 2006 about whether Pluto is actually a planet. Through a Pragmatist\u2019s lens, the answer is whichever works better in the context of the specific problems being investigated.<\/p>\n

Pragmatism, he says, is not an \u201ceither\/or\u201d proposition, but rather, \u201cit depends.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s fine to say that science aims at truth,\u201d Schwartz says. \u201cIn practice, the most we can claim is that new theories work better than the old.\u201d<\/p>\n

Another early Pragmatist, John Dewey, believed that revision was essential to progress \u2013 and that the ability of democracies to adjust to change was a powerful justification of their existence.<\/p>\n

\n
\u201cIt\u2019s fine to say that science aims at truth,\u201d Schwartz says. \u201cIn practice, the most we can claim is that new theories work better than the old.\u201d<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n

In response, he founded the \u201claboratory school\u201d at the University of Chicago at which he could apply his belief that experience is more central to student learning \u00a0than memorization or other established forms of educational delivery. And he championed the establishment of unions, particularly at universities.<\/p>\n

A revival at 51ÁÔÆæ<\/strong><\/p>\n

Not only is there a resurgence of interest in Pragmatism among scholars like Schwartz, but also among students.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen I came to the department three years ago, I was the only student interested,\u201d says Mack, who had very little exposure to it in his undergraduate years at Ripon. \u201cNow, there is a whole group of us.\u201d<\/p>\n

He thinks students are becoming curious about it not just because of its underdog status, but because of its radical departure from analytic philosophy. Also, Schwartz shows students that they can practice analytic philosophy with a pragmatic filter.<\/p>\n

Giglio chose 51ÁÔÆæ for its highly rated master\u2019s degree program, after earning a double major in physics and philosophy from the Ohio State. He feels lucky to have discovered Pragmatism through Schwartz, and is now looking for a doctoral program that includes some scholarship in the method.<\/p>\n

\u201cI just fell in love with philosophy,\u201d he says. \u201cBut at times, I worried I was wasting my time because it was impractical to apply it to everyday life. Philosophy offers some fun puzzles, but Pragmatism allows me to look at those puzzles in a more applicable way.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Robert Schwartz, a 51ÁÔÆæ Distinguished Professor, has contributed to the revival of a uniquely American strain of philosophical inquiry.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":836,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[174,175],"tags":[],"section":[127,128],"display_categories":[],"related-coverage":[],"uwmnews-feed":[158,159],"class_list":["post-6712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","category-research","section-arts-humanities","section-humanities","uwmnews-feed-letters-science","uwmnews-feed-humanities"],"yoast_head":"\nRestoring America\u2019s homegrown philosophy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Robert Schwartz, a 51ÁÔÆæ Distinguished Professor, has contributed to the revival of a uniquely American strain of philosophical inquiry.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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