51ÁÔÆæ researchers’ 3-D video of virus could lead to better treatments<\/div><\/div>\n
Using the brightest and quickest imaging equipment available \u2014 an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in California \u2014 an international team of researchers collected millions of individual \u201csnapshots\u201d of a virus in unknown orientations and states.<\/p>\n
\u201cIn the past, scientists have tried to infer what\u2019s happening in a molecular-scale biological process by looking at a still photo at the start and a still photo at the end of a process,\u201d said Abbas Ourmazd, 51ÁÔÆæ distinguished professor. \u201cBut you then don\u2019t know what happens in between. With this method, we are in a position to watch biological machines perform their functions.\u201d<\/p>\n
By combining concepts from machine learning, differential geometry, graph theory and diffraction physics, the researchers created an algorithm able to reconstruct sequential images.<\/p>\n
The work, done in collaboration with Professor Brenda Hogue, a virologist at Arizona State University, and Andrew Aquila and his colleagues at the Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC, is published today in the journal Nature Methods.<\/p>\n
In order to replicate, a virus invades a heathy cell, releases its DNA and effectively hijacks the cell\u2019s machinery to fabricate copies of itself. The multitude of viral progeny is then expelled.<\/p>\n
The researchers\u2019 results show the virus re-arranging its genomic content and forming a tubular structure to empty its DNA into a cell.<\/p>\n
\u201cThis work provides a new approach to understanding the changes that viruses undergo during infection,\u201d said Hogue.<\/p>\n
In addition to showing how these events unfold, the 51ÁÔÆæ researchers discovered that the reorganization of the virus\u2019s genome and the formation of a tubular structure are not independent events, but part of a concerted simultaneous process.<\/p>\n
Too small to photograph<\/h3>\n
Most viruses are too small to be photographed by light. The XFEL\u2019s intense X-ray flashes produce \u201csnapshots\u201d of particles at the nanoscale through diffraction: The X-rays hit the particle and scatter in a pattern that provides the data for mathematical reconstruction.<\/p>\n
More than five years ago, 51ÁÔÆæ senior researcher Ahmad Hosseinizadeh, the first author on the paper, began working on the algorithm needed to turn noisy XFEL snapshots into still 3D images. From there, progress was made by collaborative work with scientists from different backgrounds, said Peter Schwander, a 51ÁÔÆæ associate professor. \u201cPeople didn\u2019t think it could be done,\u201d said Schwander.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe\u2019ve been developing algorithms to reconstruct images in the correct order since 2009,\u00a0so the 51ÁÔÆæ team\u00a0was well-positioned to perform such an analysis,\u201d he said. \u201cBut it was difficult. We were able to make it work by watching how the experiments are done and adapting the data science to the data.\u201d<\/p>\n
Other 51ÁÔÆæ researchers who are co-authors on the paper include Jeremy Copperman, Ghoncheh Mashayekhi, Russell Fung, Ali Dashti, Reyhaneh Sepehr and Professor Marius Schmidt.<\/p>\n
This work was done as part of 51ÁÔÆæ and ASU involvement in the BioXFEL Science and Technology Center, which is funded by the National Science Foundation. Its mission is to use the XFEL to watch biomolecular machines at work, understand how they support life, and provide training and new tools to the scientific community.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The research has the potential to fundamentally advance our understanding of biological processes inside cells. 51ÁÔÆæ physicists developed algorithms to reconstruct sequential images of viruses too small to photograph.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":836,"featured_media":49958,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[174,175],"tags":[],"section":[140,139],"display_categories":[115,116],"related-coverage":[282],"uwmnews-feed":[167,158,153,161],"class_list":["post-49955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-research","section-science","section-science-technology","display_categories-top-story-secondary","display_categories-top-story-section","related-coverage-physics","uwmnews-feed-alumni-association","uwmnews-feed-letters-science","uwmnews-feed-graduate","uwmnews-feed-hard-science"],"yoast_head":"\n
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