  {"id":244,"date":"2011-09-07T15:29:02","date_gmt":"2011-09-07T15:29:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uwmnews.chojnacki.us\/?p=244"},"modified":"2015-11-12T08:02:12","modified_gmt":"2015-11-12T14:02:12","slug":"an-antibiotic-effect-without-the-threat-of-resistance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/an-antibiotic-effect-without-the-threat-of-resistance\/","title":{"rendered":"An antibiotic effect without the threat of resistance"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_248\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-248\" style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41\/2011\/09\/Yang_n.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-248\" title=\"Yang_n\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41\/2011\/09\/Yang_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"336\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-248\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ching-Hong Yang, associate professor of biological sciences, and doctoral student Devanshi Khokhani, obtain genetic information from harmful bacteria.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For 70 years, antibiotics have been the only treatment for halting the spread of bacterial infections. But the drugs have always carried the risk of bacteria becoming resistant to them.<\/p>\n<p>The rate of antibiotic resistance is now rising much quicker than the rate of new drug discovery and approval.<\/p>\n<p>A microbiologist at 51ÁÔÆæ has discovered a different approach: Instead of killing the bacteria, why not disarm them, quashing disease without the worry of antibiotic resistance?<\/p>\n<p>The research is so promising that two private companies are testing it with an eye toward commercialization.<\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 15px;width: 250px;float: right;border-top: 1px solid #cca540;border-bottom: 1px solid #cca540\"><span class=\"uwm_head_5\">Instead of killing the bacteria, why not disarm them, quashing disease without the worry of antibiotic resistance?<\/span><\/div>\n<p>Ching-Hong Yang, associate professor of biological sciences, has developed a compound that shuts off the \u201cvalve\u201d in the DNA that allows the pathogen to invade and infect.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe analyzed the genomic defense pathways in plants to identify all the precursors to infection,\u201d says Yang. \u201cThen we used the information to discover a group of novel small molecules that interrupt one channel in the intricate pathway system.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Yang and collaborator Xin Chen, a professor of chemistry at Changzhou University in China, have tested the compound on two virulent bacteria that affect plants and one that attacks humans. They found it effective against all three and believe the compound can be applied to treatments for plants, animals and people.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Urgent concerns about antibiotics<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_247\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-247\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41\/2011\/09\/yang_bacteria.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-247\" title=\"yang_bacteria\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41\/2011\/09\/yang_bacteria.jpg\" alt=\"The bacteria P. aeruginosa\" width=\"300\" height=\"240\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-247\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bacteria P. aeruginosa, resistant to a broad range of antibiotics, causes a range of hospital-acquired infections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The economic costs and health threats of antibiotic resistance have become so serious that the World Health Organization (WHO) this year dedicated World Health Day to call global attention to the issue.<\/p>\n<p>Among the bacteria tested by the researchers is <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/em>, which is resistant to a broad range of antibiotics. It causes infections in people with compromised immune systems, such as HIV and cancer patients. It\u2019s also responsible for lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, and hospital-related infections such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia and infections from burns. The fatality rate from these is about 50 percent.<\/p>\n<p>Hospital-acquired urinary tract infections by <em>P.<\/em> <em>aeruginosa<\/em> alone cost more than $3.5 billion a year in the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>People can be vulnerable to antibiotic resistance even when they are not using the drugs for health reasons.<\/p>\n<p>Antibiotics are routinely sprayed on miles of crops and widely used in factory farming of animals, which causes resistance to develop quickly. That antibiotic resistance is then transferred to humans who eat the food containing antibiotic-resistant bacteria.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Road to the market<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The research has caught the attention of two companies. Creative Antibiotics, a Swedish pharmaceutical company, is testing the compound and derivatives for human therapeutic uses and Wilbur-Ellis Agribusiness Division, based in Washington and California, is examining them for agricultural uses.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the constant threat of disease in agriculture, says John Frieden, a biologist and R&amp;D manager with Wilbur-Ellis, the industry has not had access to any new antibiotics in many years. U.S. regulatory agencies do not allow agribusiness to use antibiotics that are also used for human health \u2013 even if they would be effective.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe thing that caught my attention,\u201d Frieden says, \u201cwas that this was not an antibiotic, but it accomplishes the same thing as an antibiotic.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Although he says it is too soon to tell if a product could spring from the research, the approach is \u201cincredibly unique. I\u2019ve never seen anything that is even close to a commercial application like this. It could be very big.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The researchers have filed two patents on the work through the 51ÁÔÆæ Research Foundation (51ÁÔÆæRF), and Yang is partially funded through two 51ÁÔÆæRF Bradley Catalyst Grants and a 51ÁÔÆæ Research Growth Initiative (RGI) grant.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Virulence factors<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_246\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-246\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41\/2011\/09\/Yang_n2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-246\" title=\"Yang_n2\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41\/2011\/09\/Yang_n2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-246\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mining the DNA of certain bacteria, Yang has developed a compound that promises to be as effective as an antibiotic but doesn\u2019t kill the bacteria or promote bacterial resistance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The compounds Yang and Chen have developed are unique because they take aim at one component of a cluster that makes pathogenic bacteria harmful.<\/p>\n<p>One of those components, the type III secretion system (T3SS), gives pathogens their ability to invade a cell, letting in a host of proteins that enhance the bacterium\u2019s ability to cause disease.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese bacteria are very smart,\u201d says Yang. \u201cThey grow a narrow appendage that acts as a \u2018needle,\u2019 injecting the virulence factors, such as toxins, into the host cell. The host cell cannot recognize the pathogen\u2019s \u2018needle,\u2019 so its defense mechanism is not triggered.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Yang and Chen\u2019s compounds block the production of T3SS. Although they have tested the compounds on only three pathogens, they have reason to believe the compounds will be effective against far more.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cT3SS exists in many different kinds of disease-causing bacteria,\u201d says Yang, \u201cso the compounds can target multiple pathogens. That\u2019s the beauty of it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He and his lab members, including doctoral students Devanshi Khokhani and William Hutchins, and undergraduate Julia Keyes, are now working on developing more derivatives that could be effective against different kinds of harmful bacteria.<\/p>\n<p>Yang also believes that their therapeutic compounds, like antibiotics, can offer both a broad spectrum of activity and be unique to a specific pathogen, depending on which virulence elements are targeted.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A 51ÁÔÆæ&#8217;s microbiologist&#8217;s new approach promises to quash disease without the worry of antibiotic resistance.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":836,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[174,175],"tags":[],"section":[140,139],"display_categories":[],"related-coverage":[],"uwmnews-feed":[],"class_list":["post-244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","category-research","section-science","section-science-technology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>An antibiotic effect without the threat of resistance<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A 51ÁÔÆæ&#039;s microbiologist&#039;s new approach promises to quash disease without the worry of antibiotic resistance.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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