{"id":3588,"date":"2023-05-30T17:03:20","date_gmt":"2023-05-30T22:03:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/?page_id=3588"},"modified":"2026-03-10T10:18:49","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T15:18:49","slug":"wpa-printmaking-definitions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wpa\/wpa-printmaking-definitions\/","title":{"rendered":"Printmaking Definitions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"uwm-p-notice uwm-p-notice--info\"><i class=\"fa-solid fa-circle-info fa-fw\"><\/i><div class=\"uwm-p-notice--content\"><div class=\"uwm-p-notice--title\">This page has been archived and is not updated<\/div><div class=\"uwm-p-notice--message\">If you need assistance with this page, please use this form to make a request: <a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/libraries\/digital-collections\/digital-collections-request-for-accessible-web-content-form\/\">https:\/\/uwm.edu\/libraries\/digital-collections\/digital-collections-request-for-accessible-web-content-form\/<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"uwm-u-pb-80 uwm-u-pt-0\"><div class=\"uwm-l-container--base uwm-l-container--overflow-hidden\">\n<div class=\"uwm-l-row\">\n<div class=\"uwm-l-col\">\n<p>The&nbsp;Milwaukee Handicraft Project included units focused on printmaking. The Wisconsin Arts Projects of the WPA digital collection includes some of the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/search\/collection\/wpa\/searchterm\/relief%20prints\/field\/format\/mode\/all\/conn\/and\/order\/title\/ad\/asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">best&nbsp;examples<\/a>&nbsp;of the work they produced, as well as&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/search\/collection\/wpa\/searchterm\/printmaking\/mode\/exact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">images illustrating printmaking processes and tools<\/a>. In that same spirit, the 51ÁÔÆæ Libraries have created a brief guide to common printmaking terms and techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Printing<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;is a mechanical process by which ink is transferred from, or through, a medium (e.g., wood block, metal plate, lithographic stone, silk-screen stencil, etc.) on to a substrate (e.g., paper, vellum, textiles, metal, etc.), usually for the purpose of making an image. Before the advent of digital printing, there were four primary ways to make a print:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-tabs\" data-tabs-prefix-class=\"uwm-p-tabs\"><ul class=\"uwm-p-tablist\" data-hx=\"h2\"><li class=\"uwm-p-tablist--item\"><a href=\"#tab-8apy-relief-printing\" class=\"uwm-p-tablist--link\">Relief Printing<\/a><\/li><li class=\"uwm-p-tablist--item\"><a href=\"#tab-8apy-intaglio-printing\" class=\"uwm-p-tablist--link\">Intaglio Printing<\/a><\/li><li class=\"uwm-p-tablist--item\"><a href=\"#tab-8apy-lithography\" class=\"uwm-p-tablist--link\">Lithography<\/a><\/li><li class=\"uwm-p-tablist--item\"><a href=\"#tab-8apy-silk-screen\" class=\"uwm-p-tablist--link\">Silk Screen<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"uwm-p-tabcontent\">\n<div id=\"tab-8apy-relief-printing\" class=\"uwm-p-tabcontent--pane\">\n<p>An image is created from ink, applied to a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/singleitem\/collection\/wpa\/id\/1645\/rec\/32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">raised surface<\/a>\u00a0and transferred to a substrate either through the pressure of a\u00a0printing press\u00a0or by\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/wpa\/id\/1709\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pressing or rubbing by hand<\/a>. There are several methods for making a relief print. Here are a few common ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion uwm-p-accordion--icon-left-circle\" data-accordion-prefix-classes=\"uwm\" data-accordion-cool-selectors=\"1\"><button class=\"uwm-p-accordion--toggle-button size-p-md\">Expand All<\/button>\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--header\">woodcut<\/div><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel\"><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel-inner uwm-u-clear\">\n<p>Wood has an\u00a0end grain and a long grain\u00a0(also called face grain, cross grain, and plane grain).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/singleitem\/collection\/wpa\/id\/252\/rec\/42\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Woodcuts<\/a>\u00a0are made by\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/wpa\/id\/1670\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cutting away<\/a>\u00a0portions of the long grain of the wood, leaving the uncut, raised surface to be inked and printed. The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/wpa\/id\/36\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Linocut<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0is a variant of the woodcut, in which similar tools are used to cut into the surface of a linoleum sheet instead of long-grain wood to create a relief image.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--header\">Wood engraving<\/div><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel\"><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel-inner uwm-u-clear\">\n<p>In&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/wpa\/id\/59\">wood engraving<\/a>, the denser, harder end grain of the wood is used. Because the dense end grain is much harder to cut with the knives and gouging tools used for wood cuts, engraving tools are used instead to plow fine lines into the dense wood. Because the incisions in the wood can be made finer and thinner, the relief surface left behind creates an image that is also potentially finer and more intricate. Today, because of the relative scarcity of quality end-grain wood available, many wood engravers have turned to synthetics such as Resingrave.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--header\">Metal relief<\/div><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel\"><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel-inner uwm-u-clear\">\n<p>In this process mechanical or chemical methods are used to create relief images on metal rather than wood surfaces. Zinc and magnesium are common materials. Metal type is also a metal relief technique. Here instead, a relief letter form is traditionally hand carved from a hard piece of metal. The hand-carved relief is then punched into softer metal to make a mold. Lead is then poured into the mold to manufacture multiple copies of the original relief letter form. This form can be locked up with other letter forms and printed in the same way as other relief images.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--header\">Collagraph<\/div><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel\"><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel-inner uwm-u-clear\">\n<p>In this technique\u00a0almost any kind of material can be adhered to a rigid, flat surface\u00a0(e.g., paper on board; coins on wood; string on plexiglass, etc.). Since the adhered material is raised in relief above the surface it is adhered to,\u00a0that material can be inked up and printed as a relief.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-8apy-intaglio-printing\" class=\"uwm-p-tabcontent--pane\">\n<p>In this method, an image is created when ink is pushed into grooves incised into a hard, flat surface (usually metal, and then usually copper or steel) and transferred to a substrate (usually dampened paper) through the high pressure of an\u00a0etching press. The plate is inked by covering the entire surface with ink and then wiping the surface clean. The wiping pushes the ink into any incised grooves, but leaves the surface completely ink free. The very high pressure of the press pushes the plate into the soft, damp paper. When the paper is pulled from the plate, the ink is drawn out of the grooves and onto the paper. The pressure also leaves the impression of the edge of the plate in the paper. This embossed impression is called the \u201cplate mark,\u201d the tell-tale evidence that the image was made with the intaglio process. There are several methods for making an intaglio print. Here are a few common ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion uwm-p-accordion--icon-left-circle\" data-accordion-prefix-classes=\"uwm\" data-accordion-cool-selectors=\"1\"><button class=\"uwm-p-accordion--toggle-button size-p-md\">Expand All<\/button>\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--header\">Drypoint<\/div><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel\"><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel-inner uwm-u-clear\">\n<p>More immediate in process than engraving or etching, in this method the artist makes printable marks on a copper plate by scoring the surface with a sharp drypoint needle made of hard steel, often with a diamond tip. The artist essentially scratches the surface in a sketch-like manner, creating a print that has a hand-drawn quality about it. The print, \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/wpa\/id\/86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Old Sturgeon Bay<\/a>,\u201d may have been created using the drypoint method.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--header\">Engraving<\/div><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel\"><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel-inner uwm-u-clear\">\n<p>Using this technique, lines are incised by hand directly in to the metal surface by using an engraving tool called a\u00a0burin\u00a0which has a sharply V-shaped section. The burin is held almost parallel to the plate and is forcibly pushed into the plate\u2019s surface gouging a line by scooping out a sliver of metal. When completed, the plate is printed as described above.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--header\">Etching<\/div><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel\"><div class=\"uwm-p-accordion--panel-inner uwm-u-clear\">\n<p>This method makes use of a chemical process where acid, instead of a burin, is used to manufacture the recessed ink-bearing lines in the metal plate. First, the metal plate is heated and the entire surface of the plate is thinly coated in a waxy compound that resists acid, known as the ground. Once\u00a0the ground\u00a0cools and hardens, the artist can then draw directly into it with\u00a0a stylus or other tools, opening up lines in the ground that exposes the metal surface. When the image is complete, the plate is placed in an\u00a0acid bath\u00a0where the acid begins to eat away at the exposed metal. This is referred to as the bite. The longer the plate remains in the bath, the deeper and broader the bite becomes, which will create a darker print. The artist controls the acid exposure in a variety of ways to vary the darkness. Once the\u00a0desired image\u00a0is achieved, the ground is removed and the plate can be inked up. Various techniques are used to achieve textures and grains in etchings, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soft-ground<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>where the ground is prevented from hardening, and a paper is laid over the surface for the artist to draw on. When the paper is removed, the ground sticks to the paper, exposing the metal in a fragmented way, allowing for&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/wpa\/id\/20\">an image that looks more like a drawing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mezzotint<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>where a hand tool called a&nbsp;rocker or&nbsp;<em>lunette<\/em>&nbsp;is gradually worked over the surface of a plate to create tonality<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Aquatint<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>where a&nbsp;powdered resin&nbsp;is sprinkled on the surface of the plate as a resist and heated to affix it to the metal. Since the resist is composed of individual fine particles, and not a uniform surface, after the plate is etched the surface is finely pitted giving the resultant print&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/collections.lib.uwm.edu\/cdm\/singleitem\/collection\/wpa\/id\/51\/rec\/3\">a finely textured surface<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-8apy-lithography\" class=\"uwm-p-tabcontent--pane\">\n<p>Coming soon &#8230;&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-8apy-silk-screen\" class=\"uwm-p-tabcontent--pane\">\n<p>Coming soon &#8230;&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-l-col uwm-l-col--4 uwm-l-offset--1\">\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<nav aria-label=\"Sidebar\" class=\"uwm-p-navigation-list uwm-p-navigation-list--gold-border \"><div class=\"uwm-p-navigation-list--title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wpa\/\">Wisconsin Arts Projects of The WPA, 1935-1943<\/a><\/div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wpa\/wpa-project\/\">About the Project<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wpa\/about-the-collection\/\">About the Collection<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wpa\/wpa-browse\/\">Browse the collection<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wpa\/wpa-bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"current\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wpa\/wpa-printmaking-definitions\/\"><span aria-current=\"page\">Printmaking Definitions<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\n\n\n<hr class=\"has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n<nav aria-label=\"Sidebar\" class=\"uwm-p-navigation-list uwm-p-navigation-list--gold-border \"><div class=\"uwm-p-navigation-list--title\">Sponsors<\/div><ul>\n<li class=''><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav>\n\n\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"125\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/620\/2023\/05\/image.png\" alt=\"51ÁÔÆæILWAUKEE\n51ÁÔÆæ Libraries\" class=\"wp-image-3577\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"29\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/lib-collections\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/620\/2023\/05\/image-1.png\" alt=\"CHIPSTONE\" class=\"wp-image-3579\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1071,"featured_media":3573,"parent":3571,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"class_list":["post-3588","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - 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