{"id":30657,"date":"2025-12-02T00:01:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-02T06:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/?p=30657"},"modified":"2025-12-01T09:26:00","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T15:26:00","slug":"we-need-some-context-uwm-linguists-research-reveals-cognitive-patterns-in-language","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus\/research-news\/we-need-some-context-uwm-linguists-research-reveals-cognitive-patterns-in-language\/","title":{"rendered":"We need \u201csome\u201d context: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist\u2019s research reveals cognitive patterns in language"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Do you agree with this phrase? \u201cSome elephants have trunks.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you\u2019re a pragmatic thinker, you might disagree. It\u2019s not just some <\/em>elephants that have trunks; all<\/em> elephants have trunks. If you\u2019re a logical thinker, you might agree. All elephants have trunks; therefore, it follows that a portion, or some<\/em>, of the elephants have trunks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, what if we paired that initial phrase with a context cue? What if we asked, \u201cDo any<\/em> elephants have trunks?\u2019 Or \u201cDo all<\/em> elephants have trunks?\u201d Would that change how you think about the word some<\/em>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For many people, that extra context does have an impact. That\u2019s according to new research by Teaching Assistant Professor Glenn Starr, who studies experimental pragmatics, psycholinguistics, and second-language acquisition in 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s Linguistics Department. He just published a paper in the journal Quaderni di Linguistica e Studi Orientali: Working Papers in Linguistics and Oriental Studies<\/em><\/a> that examines how people understand the word some<\/em> based on context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For his study, Starr asked a group of native English speakers to read two-sentence conversations, paired with a picture that showed five identical objects, like five apples. The first sentence contained a context cue. For example, it might read, \u201cDid you eat any <\/em>of the apples?\u201d Or, \u201cDid you eat all <\/em>of the apples?\u201d The corresponding answer was, \u201cI ate some<\/em> of the apples.\u201d Based on the picture, the participants had to tell how natural or appropriate the response was.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn English, some<\/em> usually means not all<\/em>, so if the picture showed that all five apples were eaten, saying \u2018I ate some\u2019<\/em> might sound a little strange, especially if the question used the word all<\/em>,\u201d Starr explained. \u201cHowever, with any <\/em>in the question instead, the salience of the not all<\/em> meaning is diminished, and it is now possible to interpret some <\/em>logically as compatible with all<\/em>.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the paper revealed some interesting insights into how people use the word, what the research really reveals, Starr said, is how our cognitive control strategies impact how we interpret language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are three things you should know about Starr\u2019s latest research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. “Some” is a complicated word.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Some<\/em> has two meanings. It most often refers to a certain amount of a whole, but we also use some<\/em> to mean an entire group. For example, in the sentence \u201cI have some friends who enjoy bowling,\u201d some<\/em> specifies the whole group that likes knocking down pins. And, some <\/em>exists on a scale with other words that refer to amounts. Few<\/em>, many<\/em>, most<\/em>, and all <\/em>are scale-mates of some, <\/em>Starr said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen you use some<\/em>, usually in conversation, people will derive a \u2018some<\/em>, but not all\u2019<\/em> inference,\u201d Starr added. \u201cThat\u2019s above and beyond its strictly literal interpretation. You have to take the literal interpretation and then derive extra pragmatic meaning out of that.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, the question then becomes, do people automatically infer the pragmatic \u2018some<\/em>, but not all<\/em>,\u2019 when they hear the word some<\/em>? Or do they usually default to the semantic, literal interpretation of some <\/em>to mean a whole group?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis is important because we want to know as human beings whether we derive certain types of information first and then, through extra effort, do we arrive at an alternative interpretation? How do we derive inferences in human communication?\u201d Starr said. \u201cThis little word some<\/em> is an intriguing and simple way to test this mechanism.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. In his research, Starr found that the people interpreted some <\/em>based on context.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The research showed that people decided that the some <\/em>response was less natural when the preceding question used the word all<\/em> rather than the word any<\/em>. That meant that the context of the scenario influenced how people interpreted the word some<\/em> in the answer sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Starr also paired the language portion of the test with a pattern-matching test that measured how well participants could keep track of context. Surprisingly, said Starr, older adults who scored lower on the pattern-matching test were more sensitive to the context words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why? It comes down to cognitive control strategies, which are ways of maintaining context. Younger people generally have a proactive cognitive control strategy, Starr said: \u201cWhen they take in contextual information, they hold it in working memory, and they can dispel that information to solve task-relevant goals.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But as we age, our ability to hold information in our working memory is diminished. For example, a young person might remind themselves throughout the day that they need to buy groceries after work; an older person might forget until they see a shopping list which jogs their memory. This is a reactive control strategy. \u201cThey activate context maintenance cues only when they come upon some kind of confusing or ambiguous information, and then they think, \u2018What am I supposed to be doing? Oh, yeah!\u2019\u201d Starr said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experiment results suggest that, instead of constantly keeping track of context, those older people tended to wait until something seemed confusing and then carefully examined the context cues. Interestingly, the pattern-matching test could capture this strategy, and the resulting behavior was reflected in older participants\u2019 tendency to interpret some <\/em>in the different ways mentioned above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. The results have implications for how we communicate with each other, especially as we age.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Proactive and reactive cognitive strategies are not set in stone; plenty of young people have reactive cognitive strategies, and vice versa. But overall, Starr said, the results of his experiment show that we should be mindful of how we communicate as we age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOlder people may need to be reminded, or maybe they need to have more routine awareness of these cues in order to interpret inferences,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The impact of this research goes beyond aging. Starr said his results have implications for how people learn a second language. Certain second language-learners often have strong attentional control ability, which also translates into increased context sensitivity. Thus, this line of research could help language teachers tailor curriculum to their students. The results could also have implications for how people with autism \u2013 generally a population that struggles with interpreting pragmatic context \u2013 infer meaning in conversations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And, said Starr, these results are a reminder of how we use quantifying language to describe our surroundings. \u201cIt\u2019s such an integral part of how we carve up our realities,\u201d he said. \u201cWhenever I hear the word some<\/em>, I think, is that an existential some<\/em>, or a pragmatic some<\/em>, and what cues \u2026 led (the speaker) to that interpretation?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It gives us all some <\/em>things to think about.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Sarah Vickery, College of Letters & Science<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Do you agree with this phrase? \u201cSome elephants have trunks.\u201d If you\u2019re a pragmatic thinker, you might disagree. It\u2019s not just some elephants that have trunks; all elephants have trunks. If you\u2019re a logical thinker, you might agree. All elephants …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":785,"featured_media":30658,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[1648,1956,1846],"tags":[1862],"class_list":["post-30657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-in-focus","category-in-focus-2025","category-research-news","tag-december"],"yoast_head":"\nLetters & Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus\/research-news\/we-need-some-context-uwm-linguists-research-reveals-cognitive-patterns-in-language\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"We need \u201csome\u201d context: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist\u2019s research reveals cognitive patterns in language\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Do you agree with this phrase? \u201cSome elephants have trunks.\u201d If you\u2019re a pragmatic thinker, you might disagree. 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