{"id":25777,"date":"2023-12-07T09:43:09","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T15:43:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/?p=23784"},"modified":"2024-01-04T11:41:29","modified_gmt":"2024-01-04T17:41:29","slug":"excavation-under-the-sea-uwm-alumni-and-faculty-explore-underwater-archaeology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2023\/excavation-under-the-sea-uwm-alumni-and-faculty-explore-underwater-archaeology\/","title":{"rendered":"Excavation under the sea: 51ÁÔÆæ alumni and faculty explore underwater archaeology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Off the coast of the island of Fournoi in Greece lies a sunken graveyard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHere we discovered the largest concentration of ancient shipwrecks in the world,\u201d said Peter Campbell, an underwater archaeologist and a Lecturer at Cranfield University in England. \u201cThe first group of ships we saw were from the third century A.D. We kept swimming and found some from the fourth century A.D., and kept swimming and found some from the second century B.C.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why did this area of the ocean claim so many ships? Where were these vessels heading? What was their cargo? What can they tell us about the past?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those are some of the many mysteries that Campbell and other underwater archaeologists attempt to solve as they plumb the depths of lakes, rivers, and oceans, recovering pieces of history that have long been lost to the water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of those archaeologists, like Campbell, got their start at UW-Milwaukee. Now, thanks to a new hire in 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s Anthropology Department, more students will be able to literally get their feet wet with a novel facet of excavation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Down in the depths<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most people are familiar with archaeological digs on land. From the pyramids of Egypt to hidden temples in Southeast Asia, re-discovered ruins and artifacts have given researchers insights into the lives of ancient peoples. 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s Anthropology Department regularly leads students on excavations<\/a> that scour Wisconsin\u2019s ground for artifacts like pottery, stone sherds, arrowheads, and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But underwater archaeology is a different beast. For one thing, you need an air tank.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201dThe safety issues are paramount,\u201d said Sara Rich, who earned her Master\u2019s in Art History from 51ÁÔÆæ and is now a professor of honors and interdisciplinary studies at Coastal Carolina University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rich is a maritime archaeologist whose explorations have led her to excavations in the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and even the rivers of South Carolina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Just like any scuba diver, underwater archaeologist must be mindful of how much oxygen is in their air tank. They must be in good shape to swim and dive. Then there\u2019s the pressure to consider: At deep depths, the weight of the water bearing down on a diver compresses the nitrogen in their bloodstream. If divers resurface too quickly without allowing the nitrogen time to reabsorb into their bodies, they can end up with life-threatening decompression sickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plus, nitrogen can make you feel a little loopy when you\u2019re under the water, said Rich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEven at shallower sites, nitrogen narcosis is a thing. Nitrogen doesn\u2019t just threaten you with the bends; it also affects your brain,\u201d she said. \u201cYou get down to the bottom and you start doing silly things or you forget what you\u2019re doing down there at all. You have to make a list on a slate and then check the things on that list \u2026 otherwise, you will not remember and you\u2019ll mess everything up.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when faced with all of these safety issues, why bother risking life and limb to excavate underwater sites?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou can do archaeology on land, and a lot of us do, but the data underwater is vastly, vastly better most of the time, than working on land,\u201d Ashley Lemke explained. \u201cIt gives you a finer picture of what life in the past was like.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lemke joined the 51ÁÔÆæ Anthropology Department in September as its newest faculty member. She specializes in underwater archaeology and has been teaching a class on it this fall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The process of excavation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

An underwater archaeological dig actually begins on land. Researchers first talk to locals to leverage their knowledge about where to dive. That\u2019s how Campbell and his
colleagues found the ship graveyard in the Fournoi Islands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe were working with the local fisherman and sponge divers,\u201d he recalled. \u201cSome of them had circled this one rocky cliff face. The sponge divers said, dive right here and you\u2019ll find a forest.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once they have a likely location, scientists use tools like sonar or multibeam to make two- or three-dimensional images of the landscape below the surface. They can
also send down Remote Operated Vehicles \u2013 Lemke has named hers Jake \u2013 which are small robots that can take pictures of the excavation site. When the archaeologists have a good idea of where they\u2019re going, they go diving. At
deeper sites, where divers might experience issues with nitrogen, researchers can stay under the water for only about 20 minutes at a time. They may take hundreds of
photographs of the site and stitch those images together on the surface to build a 3D model of the excavation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou have a record of the layers of the shipwreck,\u201d said Rich. \u201cIt also makes it a lot easier to track looting.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The things they find are fascinating. Shipwrecks are obviously interesting and full of archaeological evidence to offer information about the past. But sometimes, there are civilizations beneath the waves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lemke studies hunter-gatherer societies among early Native Americans \u2013 specifically ones that lived in areas that have been subsequently covered by the Great Lakes. Lemke got her research start in Lake Huron in search of sites constructed by early indigenous groups that were submerged when water levels on the Great Lakes rose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rich has also explored submerged settlements, this time in the English Channel, and says the information from history gives us insight into emerging patterns today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs the polar ice has melted in the Holocene, of course you have a lot of saltwater ingress into previously occupied terrestrial areas. As that landscape was drowned, the people who lived there moved to higher ground,\u201d she noted. \u201cIt\u2019s almost like an early proxy for what we\u2019re seeing now as sea levels rise.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen you start looking at the past and that shared history of humanity, you can\u2019t help but be surprised by how similar we all are,\u201d Lemke said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Sarah Vickery, College of Letters & Science<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Off the coast of the island of Fournoi in Greece lies a sunken graveyard. \u201cHere we discovered the largest concentration of ancient shipwrecks in the world,\u201d said Peter Campbell, an underwater archaeologist and a Lecturer at Cranfield University in England. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1483,"featured_media":25799,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[1848,1756,1846],"tags":[1862],"class_list":["post-25777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alumni-student-news","category-in-focus-2023","category-research-news","tag-december"],"yoast_head":"\nLetters & Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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