{"id":24835,"date":"2023-11-09T11:30:58","date_gmt":"2023-11-09T17:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/?p=24835"},"modified":"2023-12-04T13:28:45","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T19:28:45","slug":"steeples-and-synagogues-crm-survey-recommends-milwaukee-religious-buildings-for-historic-register","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2023\/steeples-and-synagogues-crm-survey-recommends-milwaukee-religious-buildings-for-historic-register\/","title":{"rendered":"Steeples and synagogues: CRM survey recommends Milwaukee religious buildings for Historic Register"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Justin Miller\u2019s favorite church wasn\u2019t even on his list of buildings to visit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But as he was wrapping up a long day of surveying religious buildings in Milwaukee last January, he looked across the road from the church he\u2019d just photographed and spied a stone peak bearing a cross that he had never seen before. Curious, Miller walked a few blocks to find the building it belonged to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Living Waters Church of God in Christ, and it looked like a dollhouse-sized gothic cathedral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt had these incredible vertical buttresses on the side, and it has this soaring quality to it, but it\u2019s tiny. It\u2019s built on two bungalow-sized city lots. The whole thing less than 60 feet wide,\u201d Miller recalled, smiling. Inside was just as breathtaking: \u201cIt has the most incredible stained-glass windows, I would say, of any church in the city.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That\u2019s just one of the more than 250 places of worship that Miller found during his survey of Milwaukee\u2019s religious buildings as part of an effort to identify candidates for the National Register of Historic Places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This past year, the 51ÁÔÆæ Cultural Resources Management (CRM) program, the City of Milwaukee\u2019s Historic Preservation Commission, and the Wisconsin State Historic Preservation Office teamed up to conduct a survey of the city\u2019s religious buildings \u2013 its churches, synagogues, mosques, and more \u2013 built between 1920 and 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That project is important because it\u2019s identified buildings that are significant enough \u2013 either architecturally or historically \u2013 to be considered for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, or to receive local historical designation. That comes with tax benefits for some of the buildings, according to a recent Milwaukee Journal Sentinel article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But perhaps more importantly, the project gives city leaders a deeper understanding of the religious communities that call Milwaukee home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Justin Miller found Living Waters Church of God in Christ in Milwaukee during a survey of the city\u2019s religious buildings. Photo courtesy of Living Waters Church of God in Christ.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe religious buildings, historically, are built so well. They are such icons in their neighborhoods,\u201d said Miller. \u201c(Now) the City will have them on its radar to be able to start connecting with them in terms of funding opportunities to help keep the building up, which affects property values, which affects community and neighborhood identity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laying the groundwork<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The parameters of the project were simple: Count, research, and photograph every religious building in Milwaukee constructed between 1920 and 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Cultural Resource Management program at 51ÁÔÆæ is ideal to take on such a task. The program provides consulting services to help its clients comply with historic preservation regulations, both on archaeological sites and for architectural-historical resources. Miller is an architectural historian with the CRM program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To begin, Miller and his colleagues had to dig through city archives to begin pinpointing locations of each building. They wanted buildings that were constructed with a religious purpose in mind, which meant they had to discount buildings that were built for another purpose previously and were later converted to houses of worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly, they also had to count buildings that had been constructed as churches or synagogues that were later converted to a different use. For example, 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s Helene Zelazo Center began life as the synagogue of the Congregation Emanu-El B\u2019ne Jeshurun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then Miller had to visit those buildings. He and his colleagues, Kelly Blaubach and Megan Daniels, spent several days in their cars, driving around the city in search of the buildings. Miller went out on further excursions with Daina Penkiunas, the Wisconsin Historical Society\u2019s Historic Preservation Officer. They took photographs, talked with the buildings\u2019 occupants, and learned more about their histories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using that information, he and his colleagues at the CRM program began to winnow down their enormous list (Miller describes the process as a sort of March Madness bracket-style process of elimination) until they had a short list of 75 buildings that they thought might be good candidates for historic registers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFor the National Historic Register, a building can be significant because of historical events that were associated with it. It can be important because of archaeological potential, or it can be significant because of architectural or engineering qualities,\u201d Miller explained. \u201cFor most of these, we were looking at architectural qualities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then came the hard part: Getting the other organizations to agree about their choices. 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s team worked with Tim Askin, a senior planner at Milwaukee\u2019s Historic Preservation Commission, to settle on a final list for Penkiunas to approve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt sometimes felt a little bit like legal negotiations,\u201d Miller joked. \u201cThere might be a property that her office didn\u2019t feel quite made it, and either me or one of my colleagues was like, no! We\u2019re going to fight for this building to get on the list.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eventually, all three groups agreed on 38 buildings that they felt were \u201cslam dunks\u201d to be added to the National Register. That\u2019s just the first step, however; it\u2019s up to the building\u2019s owners to pursue obtaining a listing on the Register or a local designation. Miller said that there have been several congregations that have reached out to the City about National Register listing, and there may be others as congegations read the survey\u2019s report and consider whether the historical designation is something that interests them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A very pious city<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miller uncovered some fun and interesting facts as he worked on the project, starting with the sheer number of religious buildings in Milwaukee. By Miller\u2019s calculations, the city has about the fourth-highest ratio in the nation of churches to people in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt turns out that Milwaukee has one house of worship for about every 700 people,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miller suspects that\u2019s largely thanks to Milwaukee\u2019s history as a city of immigrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou have all of these different congregations coming from Poland and Germany and Italy and Ireland, and each little community has to build their own church,\u201d he said. \u201cBecause it\u2019s a symbol of a community, of a neighborhood. And so you end up with literally hundreds of churches all over the city.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And over half of those churches were Lutheran, he noted, thanks to an influx of German and Scandinavian immigrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, those churches are indelible marks on the neighborhoods around them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere are neighborhoods where if you can hear the bells of a certain church, you\u2019re part of that neighborhood,\u201d Miller mused. \u201cThey\u2019re a sense of pride for neighborhoods. I think religious buildings are evocative in a way that some other buildings aren\u2019t, because they represent the aspirations of the congregations that built them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even if someone isn\u2019t religious, he said, you can still feel the love that worshippers poured into their houses of worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That\u2019s part of what CRM at 51ÁÔÆæ is about, he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019re able to do things we hope benefit the community or that will lead to real world good. We\u2019re able to share our knowledge and expertise to help communities \u2026 recognize and celebrate their historic resources,\u201d Miller said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is more work ahead; during the course of the survey, Miller was introduced to the work of Alonzo Robinson, Jr., the first Black licensed architect in the state of Wisconsin. 51ÁÔÆæ-CRM was recently awarded a grant from the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund to study and document Robinson\u2019s work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Sarah Vickery, College of Letters & Science<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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