51ÁÔÆæ associate professor of linguistics Anne Pycha<\/a> is the coauthor of a new study published in the journal Cognition that examined how well people can understand the speech of speakers wearing face masks. With Wisconsin and other states across the nation under a mask mandate to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, Pycha and her coauthors, Michelle Cohn and Georgia Zellou of the University of California-Davis, realized they had a golden opportunity.<\/p>\n\u201cBecause we all wear face masks, the basic circumstances under which we produce and perceive speech have fundamentally changed,\u201d Pycha explained. \u201cWe\u2019ve all of a sudden got this barrier on our mouths that impacts how we speak. \u2026 Once we started thinking along those lines, we realized that the face masks presented a really interesting test case for researchers like us.\u201d<\/p>\n
Experimenting with speech<\/h2>\n
As it happens, Pycha said, humans are actually very good at communicating. In addition to signals like facial expressions and body cues, people naturally modulate their speech to reflect their environment \u2013 speaking louder in a crowded room, for example.<\/p>\n
She and her coauthors wondered: How do masks interfere with our speech? And can speakers overcome this new barrier to communication?<\/p>\n
To test that question, Pycha, Cohn, and Zellou had two speakers, a man and a woman, record specific sentences both while wearing a fabric face mask and not wearing a mask. The sentences were pulled from a standardized list called the \u201cSpeech Perception in Noise\u201d set. They asked the speakers to record the sentences in three ways: Speaking in a casual, conversational tone; speaking with positive emotion; and speaking clearly to someone who might have trouble understanding.<\/p>\n
To each recording, the researchers added a bit of background noise to mimic what a listener might hear if they were listening to speech in a casual environment. Listeners in the experiment had to hear the recordings and then type the last word of the sentence they heard. Then, Pycha and her colleagues examined their answers for accuracy.<\/p>\n
In the sentence, \u201cMiss Brown is considering the coast,\u201d for example, respondents would have to type \u201ccoast\u201d to be considered accurate. Answering \u201ctoast\u201d or any other word would be a mark against intelligibility.<\/p>\n
Surprising results<\/h2>\n
Some of the results were exactly what you\u2019d expect.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhen people were speaking casually, it was more difficult for our listeners to understand. Intelligibility went down when the mask was on. We\u2019ve all had that experience,\u201d Pycha said.<\/p>\n
The same held true when people were speaking with positive emotion. But, when the speakers were told to \u201cspeak clearly,\u201d things got interesting.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe listeners were actually better able to identify words when the speaker was wearing a mask compared to when they were not wearing one,\u201d Pycha said.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt\u2019s almost as if, when you ask people to speak clearly in a noisy situation, intelligibility goes up, but when you ask them to speak clearly in a quiet situation, intelligibility goes down \u2013 which is surprising! It\u2019s a testament of the power to the human voice to modulate itself,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n
Zellou noted that researchers have seen this response before in other situations.<\/p>\n
\u201cPeople adopt different speech styles when they talk to someone who may have a hard time understanding them or in a context where comprehension might be difficult (like a noisy room or wearing a face mask),\u201d Zellou said. \u201c(These styles) are known as clear speech. Clear speech is usually louder, slower, and more enunciated than more casual speech. This is thought to aid listeners in parsing the speech signal by helping them to identify the words more readily.\u201d<\/p>\n
But how do people adapt their speech so quickly?<\/p>\n
\u201cWe don\u2019t totally know. What we do know is that we\u2019re really good at doing it,\u201d Pycha said. \u201cPart of what we\u2019re trying to do in this research is pinpoint why.\u201d<\/p>\n
Put it into practice<\/h2>\n
This new research shows that asking people to speak clearly when they wear the mask will help make their speech more intelligible, so don\u2019t be shy about asking people to repeat themselves or enunciate.<\/p>\n
\u201cIn my own life, this has been successful in short conversations with the cashier at the grocery store, even with the additional barrier of the plexiglass,\u201d said Cohn. \u201cBut we want to stress that this research was done on younger, non-hearing-impaired listeners. The extent this finding generalizes to other populations (e.g., hearing impaired adults who rely on lip reading) is still an open area for future research.\u201d<\/p>\n
Pycha thinks that mask-wearers also need to be proactive about speaking clearly \u2013 not just to be intelligible, but also to help those hearing-impaired adults that Cohn mentioned, or people who may not understand English well. Speaking clearly increases the intelligibility of our speech, and people should try to help out others who may have a harder time understanding, she said.<\/p>\n
\u201cI think it\u2019s obvious that masks make it harder for all of us to communicate, especially because we can\u2019t use facial cues like we can in mask-less situations,\u201d Pycha added, \u201cbut it really only takes a small amount of effort to overcome that obstacle.\u201d<\/p>\n
By Sarah Vickery<\/strong>, College of Letters & Science<\/small><\/p>\nAny opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.<\/small><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Wearing a mask is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, but there\u2019s no question that masks make it harder to understand what people are saying. Or that\u2019s been the thought, anyway. 51ÁÔÆæ associate …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19040,"featured_media":15038,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[1715],"tags":[1854],"class_list":["post-15037","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-in-focus-2021","tag-april"],"yoast_head":"\n
Letters & Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Speech unmasked: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist studies how masks impact intelligibility\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Wearing a mask is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, but there\u2019s no question that masks make it harder to understand what people are saying. Or that\u2019s been the thought, anyway. 51ÁÔÆæ associate …\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Letters & Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-30T20:22:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-12-04T21:31:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/255\/2021\/04\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"380\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Cheryl L Totty\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Cheryl L Totty\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Cheryl L Totty\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/365468c94aabed8a123e6da688a6d5c8\"},\"headline\":\"Speech unmasked: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist studies how masks impact intelligibility\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-30T20:22:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-12-04T21:31:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":940,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/255\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"April\"],\"articleSection\":[\"In Focus 2021\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/\",\"name\":\"Speech unmasked: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist studies how masks impact intelligibility - Letters & Science\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/255\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-30T20:22:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-12-04T21:31:57+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/365468c94aabed8a123e6da688a6d5c8\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/255\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/255\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg\",\"width\":720,\"height\":380,\"caption\":\"Anne Pycha and collaborators\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/in-focus-2021\\\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Speech unmasked: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist studies how masks impact intelligibility\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/\",\"name\":\"Letters & Science\",\"description\":\"College of\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/letters-science\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/365468c94aabed8a123e6da688a6d5c8\",\"name\":\"Cheryl L Totty\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f1edbe06902c8624b66c8658fae321475d81213bcc5c5560cd86d6e8bab29025?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f1edbe06902c8624b66c8658fae321475d81213bcc5c5560cd86d6e8bab29025?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f1edbe06902c8624b66c8658fae321475d81213bcc5c5560cd86d6e8bab29025?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Cheryl L Totty\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Letters & Science","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Speech unmasked: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist studies how masks impact intelligibility","og_description":"Wearing a mask is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, but there\u2019s no question that masks make it harder to understand what people are saying. Or that\u2019s been the thought, anyway. 51ÁÔÆæ associate …","og_url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/","og_site_name":"Letters & Science","article_published_time":"2021-04-30T20:22:51+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-12-04T21:31:57+00:00","og_image":[{"width":720,"height":380,"url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/255\/2021\/04\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Cheryl L Totty","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Cheryl L Totty","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/"},"author":{"name":"Cheryl L Totty","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/#\/schema\/person\/365468c94aabed8a123e6da688a6d5c8"},"headline":"Speech unmasked: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist studies how masks impact intelligibility","datePublished":"2021-04-30T20:22:51+00:00","dateModified":"2023-12-04T21:31:57+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/"},"wordCount":940,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/255\/2021\/04\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg","keywords":["April"],"articleSection":["In Focus 2021"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/","url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/","name":"Speech unmasked: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist studies how masks impact intelligibility - Letters & Science","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/255\/2021\/04\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg","datePublished":"2021-04-30T20:22:51+00:00","dateModified":"2023-12-04T21:31:57+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/#\/schema\/person\/365468c94aabed8a123e6da688a6d5c8"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/255\/2021\/04\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/255\/2021\/04\/Anne-Pycha-and-others.jpg","width":720,"height":380,"caption":"Anne Pycha and collaborators"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/in-focus-2021\/speech-unmasked-uwm-linguist-studies-how-masks-impact-intelligibility\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Speech unmasked: 51ÁÔÆæ linguist studies how masks impact intelligibility"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/#website","url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/","name":"Letters & Science","description":"College of","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/#\/schema\/person\/365468c94aabed8a123e6da688a6d5c8","name":"Cheryl L Totty","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f1edbe06902c8624b66c8658fae321475d81213bcc5c5560cd86d6e8bab29025?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f1edbe06902c8624b66c8658fae321475d81213bcc5c5560cd86d6e8bab29025?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f1edbe06902c8624b66c8658fae321475d81213bcc5c5560cd86d6e8bab29025?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Cheryl L Totty"}}]}},"acf":[],"meta_fields":{"_edit_lock":["1624038679:28112"],"_edit_last":["19040"],"_thumbnail_id":["15038"],"_yoast_wpseo_content_score":["30"],"_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":["5"],"_expiration-date-status":["saved"],"_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":["48"],"_uwm_wg_content_review_log":["a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:11:\"reviewer_id\";i:0;s:6:\"status\";s:5:\"reset\";s:10:\"entry_date\";s:19:\"2026-03-01 02:10:24\";s:16:\"priority_content\";s:0:\"\";s:4:\"note\";s:43:\"Content review reset at start of new cycle.\";}}"]},"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-04-26 20:04:20","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15037","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19040"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15037"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15037\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15039,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15037\/revisions\/15039"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15038"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15037"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15037"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/letters-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15037"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}