{"id":1174,"date":"2022-07-22T06:15:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-22T11:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/graduateschool\/?p=1174"},"modified":"2023-09-05T12:47:05","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T17:47:05","slug":"a-city-divided-grad-student-maps-milwaukees-opportunity-index","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/graduateschool\/a-city-divided-grad-student-maps-milwaukees-opportunity-index\/","title":{"rendered":"A city divided: Grad student maps Milwaukee\u2019s \u2018opportunity index\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
Tathagato Chakraborty (51ÁÔÆæ doctoral student, Urban Studies) and Yotala Oszkay Febres-Cordero (Graduate Research Fellow, 51ÁÔÆæ Center for Economic Development). Images: Chakraborty portrait from LinkedIn <\/a>; Oszkay portrait from uwm.edu\/ced <\/a>; background image from uwm.maps.arcgis.com <\/a>.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Originally appeared June 15 on the College of Letters & Science website <\/a>.
Learn about Urban Studies<\/a> graduate programs at 51ÁÔÆæ.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Milwaukee is a city of opportunity\u2014if you live in the right neighborhood. The proof is mapped out in blue and white<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This map (accessible at uwm.maps.arcgis.com<\/a>) was made as part of the Mapping Opportunity for the Milwaukee Metro Area project<\/a>. Created by 51ÁÔÆæ Center for Economic Development graduate fellows Tathagato Chakraborty and Yotala Oszkay as a collaborative project, the interactive guide is a visual representation of opportunity available to residents in each U.S. Census tract listed in Milwaukee and its surrounding suburbs. The map expands to the four-county Milwaukee Metropolitan region including Ozaukee, Washington, Waukesha and Milwaukee counties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To Chakraborty, working toward his PhD in urban studies at 51ÁÔÆæ, and Oszkay, a PhD student in sociology at UCLA, opportunity is complex and multidimensional. In this case, Chakraborty said, opportunity means that there are avenues for a person\u2019s socioeconomic upward mobility\u2014that they have ways to foster growth and well-being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSo, where you are living really affects your ability to be upwardly mobile. The spatial dimension is a really important aspect of opportunity,\u201d Oszkay said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The map shows all 478 census tracts in the Milwaukee metro region. For each tract, Chakraborty and Oszkay poured over thousands of pieces of census and other data sources to pull out three main dimensions that, together, determine a neighborhood\u2019s \u201copportunity index.\u201d They are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Economic Dimension<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The main indicators determining a tract\u2019s economic health included median household income, level of employment, number of people with high-paying jobs, and income level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measuring economic indicators to determine economic opportunity is an obvious move, but those indicators also hint at other avenues\u2014or barriers\u2014to success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEconomic disadvantages create a number of rippling effects to neighborhoods, especially in accessing quality services and resources that may hinder a person\u2019s well-being. So if you are not in a desirable neighborhood, you may face certain barriers,\u201d Chakraborty noted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Education Dimension<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Here, the researchers looked at the highest level of education that people had obtained and what percentages of households had internet access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As one might expect, \u201cEducation is an essential tool for you to get to jobs, especially get a job that pays enough (to enable economic mobility),\u201d Chakraborty said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Housing Dimension<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The main indicators here included median home value, what percentage of people in the area owned homes, and what percentage of households are cost burdened (that pay more than 30% of their income into their mortgage or rent).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Housing is an important indicator, Chakraborty explained, because \u201chousing is an asset which moves intergenerationally. If you have a well-valued housing situation, over time the equity increases. So, over a period of time, you actually accumulate wealth that may be passed on to the future generation or used to invest futuristically.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They classify five types of neighborhoods with varying level of opportunity. Areas with higher opportunity index values are marked in dark blue on the map; lower index values are marked in light blues and whites. Chakraborty and Oszkay ranked each tract for easy comparison between neighborhoods. They want the map to be easily read by everyone, not just academics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The map also includes each area\u2019s demographic information. However, the researchers stressed, that the index was designed to be race-neutral when they determined the dimensions of opportunity. The map strictly shows the opportunity index for each area, but does not speculate why a particular area might have a low index.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Milwaukee is among the most racially segregated cities in the United States, and areas of high opportunity and low opportunity seem to fall along racial lines. Oszkay, who grew up in Milwaukee, was not surprised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt confirmed what I qualitatively understood. That gave me confidence, actually, for what we were doing\u2014seeing how the data really shows what I experienced as a resident,\u201d she said. \u201cYou can see how I-43 divided two areas, where there\u2019s affluence (on one side) and lack of opportunity (on the other).\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chakraborty went a step further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs an experiment, I did overlay the redlining map and the famous segregation map on our index (this image was not published as part of the project). The geographic symmetry of those areas that are redlined, that are segregated, and that are showing in our index as nice or very low opportunity areas coincide perfectly!\u201d he said. \u201cIt confirms the historical trajectory of why we are here and how we are here.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The extremely detailed work builds off some of the research performed by 51ÁÔÆæ associate professor of sociology Marcus Britton, who studies how location impacts social and economic outcomes<\/a>, and by associate professor of geography Anne Bonds and English assistant professor Derek Handley, who are currently mapping the modern impacts of historical racial housing restrictions<\/a> in Milwaukee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chakraborty and Oszkay hope that their map will help viewers understand the full scope of opportunity and inequality in Milwaukee in racial-spatial terms, although it does not include any race-specific indicator. And if they understand it, the researchers said, perhaps leaders can work to change it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPolicy makers could very easily take a glance at this map and see where investment needs to go and which areas need reparations,\u201d Chakraborty noted. Oszkay added, \u201cWhere you live is going to shape who you are and what you become. I think that\u2019s an important perspective for a broader audience to consider when understanding their lived experiences.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Mapping Opportunity for the Milwaukee Metro Area project is finished, and both Chakraborty and Oszkay are taking a pause on research to finish up their PhD work\u2014Chakraborty here at 51ÁÔÆæ, and Oszkay in sociology at UCLA. They both thanked the researchers at the 51ÁÔÆæ Center for Economic Development\u2014Joel Rast, Yaidi Cancel Martinez, and Lisa Williams\u2014as well as 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s American Geographical Society librarian Stephen Appel, for their support and help in completing the work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deans, department chairs, or graduate program representatives<\/strong> can nominate someone for a Student Stories<\/a> feature by sending either a link to a recent web page featuring the student\u2019s accomplishment(s) or information about the student\u2019s recent accomplishment(s) to peterh@uwm.edu<\/a><\/em>.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Milwaukee is a city of opportunity\u2014if you live in the right neighborhood. The proof is mapped out in blue and white. This map (accessible at uwm.maps.arcgis.com) was made as part of the Mapping Opportunity for the Milwaukee Metro Area project. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":2621,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-student-stories"],"yoast_head":"\nGraduate School<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/graduateschool\/a-city-divided-grad-student-maps-milwaukees-opportunity-index\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A city divided: Grad student maps Milwaukee\u2019s \u2018opportunity index\u2019\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Milwaukee is a city of opportunity\u2014if you live in the right neighborhood. 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