Howdy, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Life is busy \u2013 here\u2019s a not-so-Golden Oldie, from the BugLady\u2019s favorites list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
First of all, it\u2019s a stunning butterfly<\/a>.\u00a0(The BugLady\u2019s picture doesn\u2019t do it justice – the original slide, taken in Texas, was fine, but the scanned slide, not so much)\u00a0Second, unlike many of BOTW\u2019s featured bugs, there was an abundance of information about this species, some of which sent the BugLady traipsing happily down a few rabbit holes.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n [The BugLady apologizes in advance to the fine folks at 51ÁÔÆæ, who do such a dynamite job of formatting BOTW for the archives.\u00a0There are an excessive number of links in this episode.\u00a0You guys are awesome!]<\/p>\n\n\n\n This is not your grandfather\u2019s fritillary (unless your grandfather is a Southerner). Gulf Fritillaries are in the Brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae, along with a whole bunch of familiar Wisconsin butterflies, and they\u2019re with the fritillaries in the subfamily Heliconiinae (which used to be its own family).\u00a0 But, unlike our familiar fritillaries<\/a>, they\u2019re in the tribe Heliconiini, aka the Heliconians or Longwings, many of which occur in tropical climes and have long, slim, spectacular wings: <\/p>\n\n\n\n The larvae of many Heliconians feed on parts of passion vines and leaves, and the adults eat the nectar, fruit and sap of a number of plants, and many make or save toxic chemicals for defense.\u00a0Adults often spend the night in communal roosts<\/a>\u00a0(a group of butterflies is called a roost or bivouac).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Gulf Fritillary (Agraulis<\/em>\u00a0vanillae<\/em>) (Dione vanillae<\/em>\u00a0in some books) is also known as the Passion butterfly because of its caterpillar host plant, and the\u00a0Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago<\/em>\u00a0refers to it as the Silver Spotted Flambeau.\u00a0Carl Linnaeus gave it the species name \u201cvanillae<\/em>\u201d based on a life cycle painting of the butterfly on a vanilla plant done by the amazing 18th<\/sup>\u00a0century naturalist\/painter Maria Sibylla Merian, but the species doesn\u2019t use vanilla plants. If you\u2019re not familiar with her, here she is<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n Its range is described as Neotropical, which covers the ground from central Mexico and the Caribbean to southern South America.\u00a0In North America it is most common across our southern tier of states and the West Indies, and is harder to find as you travel north<\/a>. It\u2019s one of the most common butterflies in some parts of Florida, where it has multiple generations per year; it was introduced to Southern California in the late 1800\u2019s and is established there; it\u2019s also established in Hawaii; and it has been recorded in Guam.\u00a0Gulf Fritillaries fly north in spring, breeding across the Southeast, and move back south again in fall, with Florida seeing dramatic migrations in both directions.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n It has a wingspan of two-and-one-half to almost four dazzling inches; females are larger than males and may have darker markings<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Courtship is exotic.\u00a0As a male and female circle each other in the air, he calms her flight response by releasing aphrodisiac courtship pheromones from \u201chair pencils\u201d on his abdomen, and after she perches, he may hover above her, dusting her with more pheromones.\u00a0He perches beside her, they shift to face each other at a 45-degree angle, and he claps his wings open and closed, enveloping her antennae with each clap, delivering more pheromones from structures on the top side of his front wings and letting her know he is the same species (butterfly eyesight isn\u2019t that great).\u00a0 For Gulf Fritillaries, it\u2019s \u201cLadies\u2019 Choice\u201d \u2013 females actively pick the males they mate with, so he really has to sell it.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rabbit hole #1: If she accepts his advances, his sperm packet, delivered when they mate, includes what\u2019s called a nuptial gift.\u00a0The BugLady has written about nuptial gifts in spiders, katydids, tree crickets, and dance flies, but she had no idea that some butterflies produce them (they\u2019re an energy-intensive investment for the male).\u00a0The sperm packet includes nutrients that will help her form eggs. In the case of one of the European Comma butterflies (Polygonia c-album<\/em>), the spermatophores are edible, containing both food and sperm, and the female, who mates with multiple males, can rate a male by the quality of plants he ate as a caterpillar (nettle is preferred) (Toto, I don\u2019t think we\u2019re in Kansas anymore).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n She lays her eggs, one by one, on or near a passion vine (purple passionflower has the best flower ever<\/a>, usually on the top surface of a leaf.\u00a0When they hatch, the caterpillars eat their egg shells \u2013 and sometimes neighboring eggs \u2013 and then start in on the leaves, often feeding in small groups.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n In the far southern US, Gulf fritillaries are in the air all year long, producing multiple generations.\u00a0They are said to overwinter only as adults, but one researcher concluded that after passion vines die back in Florida in early winter, caterpillars can survive in diapause (dormancy \u2013 they halt development and resume when conditions improve).\u00a0They can also enter diapause in the chrysalis stage, though temperatures under 30 degrees are not good for them (or for most Floridians). Here\u2019s a nice series of a caterpillar forming a chrysalis<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gulf Fritillaries are well-defended.\u00a0Adults can produce stinky fluids when alarmed.\u00a0The vegetation of many passion vine species is chock full of chemicals including glycosides that release cyanide when eaten, alkaloids, and strychnine and nicotine relatives, making their caterpillars a bad choice for predators.\u00a0And if that weren\u2019t enough, the caterpillars are spiny<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rabbit hole #2 was peripheral and was kind of like when you find out that deer eat baby birds (yes, deer eat baby birds, and so do chipmunks). <\/p>\n\n\n\n In order to produce mating pheromones and \u201cbuild\u201d nuptial gifts, male butterflies in some species in the subfamily Danainae (the Milkweed and Glasswing butterflies) may want to boost their alkaloid load.\u00a0They can get extra alkaloids by scratching toxic leaves with claws on their tarsi (feet) and sipping the resulting sap, but researchers in the Sulawesi area of Indonesia noticed that some Danaine upped the ante by ingesting chemicals from caterpillars that had been feeding on plants in the dogbane family (which is closely related to milkweed).\u00a0Seven species were observed scratching dead or dying caterpillars and sipping the fluid (researchers don\u2019t know if the scratching part had contributed to the dead and dying part). They went after healthy caterpillars too (\u201csubdued them,\u201d said the researchers), to harvest the toxic chemicals that the caterpillars sequester from their food plants for their own protection.\u00a0In their defense, it may be that the butterflies were attracted to leaves that were already scratched and oozing, and the caterpillars were just in the neighborhood.\u00a0Scientists had to coin a new term for this unique practice – \u201cKleptopharmacophagy\u201d \u2013 literally \u201cstealing chemicals for consumption<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n One of the researchers, Yi-Kai Tea, referred to caterpillars as \u201cessentially bags of macerated leaves; the same leaves that contain these potent chemicals the milkweed butterflies seek out.<\/em>\u201d Fortunately, our iconic Monarch has not (yet) been implicated in this behavior, which is a good thing because the BugLady wouldn\u2019t be able to look one in the eye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The great Roger Tory Peterson once said that a good birder always looks twice. In his 1970 book\u00a0Butterflies of Wisconsin, Ebner dismissed some early Gulf Fritillary records as \u201crather dubious<\/em>,\u201d and the Wisconsinbutterflies.org website lists it as a rare stray to the state.\u00a0Gulf Fritillaries are pretty distinct, but if you glance at a large fritillary and are about to write it off as another Great Spangled Fritillary<\/a>, give it a second look, just to be sure.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n Howdy, BugFans, Life is busy \u2013 here\u2019s a not-so-Golden Oldie, from the BugLady\u2019s favorites list. First of all, it\u2019s a stunning butterfly.\u00a0(The BugLady\u2019s picture doesn\u2019t do it justice – the original slide, taken in Texas, was fine, but the scanned …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19040,"featured_media":16056,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[484,889],"class_list":["post-16055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-butterfly","tag-fritillary"],"yoast_head":"\n\n
![purple passionflower has the best flower ever<\/a>, usually on the top surface of a leaf.\u00a0When they hatch, the caterpillars eat their egg shells \u2013 and sometimes neighboring eggs \u2013 and then start in on the leaves, often feeding in small groups.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nIn the far southern US, Gulf fritillaries are in the air all year long, producing multiple generations.\u00a0They are said to overwinter only as adults, but one researcher concluded that after passion vines die back in Florida in early winter, caterpillars can survive in diapause (dormancy \u2013 they halt development and resume when conditions improve).\u00a0They can also enter diapause in the chrysalis stage, though temperatures under 30 degrees are not good for them (or for most Floridians). Here\u2019s a nice series of a caterpillar forming a chrysalis<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nGulf Fritillaries are well-defended.\u00a0Adults can produce stinky fluids when alarmed.\u00a0The vegetation of many passion vine species is chock full of chemicals including glycosides that release cyanide when eaten, alkaloids, and strychnine and nicotine relatives, making their caterpillars a bad choice for predators.\u00a0And if that weren\u2019t enough, the caterpillars are spiny<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRabbit hole #2 was peripheral and was kind of like when you find out that deer eat baby birds (yes, deer eat baby birds, and so do chipmunks). <\/p>\n\n\n\nIn order to produce mating pheromones and \u201cbuild\u201d nuptial gifts, male butterflies in some species in the subfamily Danainae (the Milkweed and Glasswing butterflies) may want to boost their alkaloid load.\u00a0They can get extra alkaloids by scratching toxic leaves with claws on their tarsi (feet) and sipping the resulting sap, but researchers in the Sulawesi area of Indonesia noticed that some Danaine upped the ante by ingesting chemicals from caterpillars that had been feeding on plants in the dogbane family (which is closely related to milkweed).\u00a0Seven species were observed scratching dead or dying caterpillars and sipping the fluid (researchers don\u2019t know if the scratching part had contributed to the dead and dying part). They went after healthy caterpillars too (\u201csubdued them,\u201d said the researchers), to harvest the toxic chemicals that the caterpillars sequester from their food plants for their own protection.\u00a0In their defense, it may be that the butterflies were attracted to leaves that were already scratched and oozing, and the caterpillars were just in the neighborhood.\u00a0Scientists had to coin a new term for this unique practice – \u201cKleptopharmacophagy\u201d \u2013 literally \u201cstealing chemicals for consumption<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nOne of the researchers, Yi-Kai Tea, referred to caterpillars as \u201cessentially bags of macerated leaves; the same leaves that contain these potent chemicals the milkweed butterflies seek out.<\/em>\u201d Fortunately, our iconic Monarch has not (yet) been implicated in this behavior, which is a good thing because the BugLady wouldn\u2019t be able to look one in the eye.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe great Roger Tory Peterson once said that a good birder always looks twice. In his 1970 book\u00a0Butterflies of Wisconsin, Ebner dismissed some early Gulf Fritillary records as \u201crather dubious<\/em>,\u201d and the Wisconsinbutterflies.org website lists it as a rare stray to the state.\u00a0Gulf Fritillaries are pretty distinct, but if you glance at a large fritillary and are about to write it off as another Great Spangled Fritillary<\/a>, give it a second look, just to be sure.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n\n\nButterfly<\/a>, <\/span>fritillary<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Howdy, BugFans, Life is busy \u2013 here\u2019s a not-so-Golden Oldie, from the BugLady\u2019s favorites list. First of all, it\u2019s a stunning butterfly.\u00a0(The BugLady\u2019s picture doesn\u2019t do it justice – the original slide, taken in Texas, was fine, but the scanned …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19040,"featured_media":16056,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[484,889],"class_list":["post-16055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-butterfly","tag-fritillary"],"yoast_head":"\nField Station<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/gulf-fritillary-a-snowbird-special-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gulf Fritillary \u2013 a Snowbird Special\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Howdy, BugFans, Life is busy \u2013 here\u2019s a not-so-Golden Oldie, from the BugLady\u2019s favorites list. 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