{"id":15281,"date":"2024-08-28T09:13:59","date_gmt":"2024-08-28T14:13:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=15281"},"modified":"2024-08-28T09:17:43","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T14:17:43","slug":"black-horse-fly-redo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/black-horse-fly-redo\/","title":{"rendered":"Black Horse Fly Redo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Note: All but one of the links below go to external sites.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Howdy, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The BugLady has gotten a few reports of these magnificent flies recently, so here\u2019s an episode from 2018, with some new words and thoughts and links added. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People often ask the BugLady what her favorite bug is, and although there\u2019s a crowded field for second place, the Tiger Swallowtail butterfly is the hands-down winner.\u00a0Most Impressive Bug?\u00a0The Black horse fly (Tabanus atratus<\/em>) (family Tabanidae) certainly ranks high on that list.\u00a0It is one imposing horsefly, and although she knows that it\u2019s (probably) not going to pursue her (they\u00a0generally<\/em> stalk non-human mammals), just seeing one gives her a bit of a start.\u00a0We visited the Black horse fly in the distant past, very briefly, one of an array of flies, and it\u2019s time to fill in some gaps in its biography.\u00a0This fly is\u00a0not<\/em>\u00a0the tiny, humpbacked Black fly that lives near rivers and torments all comers<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yes, there are larger flies in the neighborhood \u2014 some of the robber flies, for example, are longer \u2014 but they lack the heft of this fly. Even the official measurement of 20 to 28 mm (an inch-ish) doesn\u2019t adequately communicate it. As one\u00a0bugguide.net<\/a>\u00a0correspondent put it: \u201cThis is the largest fly I have ever seen, I actually saw two of these at two different locations on the same day. I am guessing it is a horsefly of some sort. A handful of these things ought to be able to carry a horse as a \u2018to-go\u2019 meal!<\/em>\u201d And as another\u00a0bugguide.net<\/a>\u00a0correspondent said, \u201cI’m assuming this is a female Tabanus atratus? First time I’ve seen one. Not sure I want to see another.<\/em>\u201d\u00a0And as\u00a0Jess Adams wrote in his blog \u201cLong Leggedy Beasties,\u00a0\u201cI\u2019m not sure if they are called horse flies because they feed on horses or because they are the size\u00a0of horses\u2026.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"black
Black horse fly<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Indeed, it\u2019s hard to believe that these huge flies<\/a>\u00a0are not the biggest horseflies on the continent, but they come in a close second to the American horsefly<\/a>, which may hold the World Title.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAtratus<\/em>\u201d means \u201cclothed in black<\/em>,\u201d and one of the common names for this fly is the Mourning fly.\u00a0Adults are variously dark gray\/black\/brownish-purple, with equally dark wings, dark eyes,\u00a0and antennae that are hooked<\/a>\u00a0(in case you still were unsure of your ID).\u00a0Males have wrap-around (holoptic<\/em>) eyes that touch at the top of the head<\/a>, and females\u2019 eyes are separated<\/a> (dichoptic).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s been suggested that they\u2019re the infamous \u201cblue-tailed fly<\/em>\u201d from the folk song \u201cJimmy Crack Corn<\/em>\u201d<\/a>\u00a0(the BugLady expected to find a bunch of common names for this fly, most of them profane, but she didn\u2019t come across any). They can be a challenge to photograph because their velvety, black color sucks up the light. Check the phenomenal, final three pictures on the Maryland Biodiversity website<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Their larvae are pale with dark bands<\/a>\u00a0and may be twice as long as their elders when mature.\u00a0 hey have pointy mouthparts that, like their elders\u2019, can pack quite a punch.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though it\u2019s been recorded throughout the Lower 48, the Black horse fly is mostly found east of the Rockies. Its larvae live in wet\/damp places at the edges of wetlands, and the adults are generally found within a mile or so of the ponds they grew up in.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Females lay their eggs in mounds on wet ground or on sedges and other vegetation above water, and they may deposit three or four such masses<\/a> (male Black horse flies don\u2019t live for long).\u00a0The newly-hatched larvae drop down and dig into the detritus or mud, and they spend two years as larvae.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Werner Marchand in the\u00a0Monographs of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research<\/em>\u00a0(1920), \u201cWalsh found his aquatic larvae, on many occasions, \u2018amongst floating \u2018rejectamenta.\u2019\u00a0On one occasion, he found six or seven specimens in the interior of a floating log so soft and rotten that it could be cut like cheese<\/em>.\u201d He goes on to say that \u201cwhen handled, the larva is, according to Walsh, \u2018very vigorous and restless,\u2019 and burrows with great strength between the fingers, and even on a smooth table, walks as fast as any ordinary caterpillar, backwards or forward; when placed in a vessel of water it swims vigorously, twice the length of its body at every stroke..<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRejectamenta<\/em>\u201d \u2014 the BugLady\u2019s new favorite word!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marchand writes that the larvae can produce sound \u201c\u2026the crackling noise was freely produced by full-grown Tabanus atrata larvae, and\u2026 was chiefly heard when the larvae were disturbed and defending themselves with their sharp mandibles.\u00a0The coincidence of the two phenomena was so close that I am bound to assume that the sound was produced by means of the mandibles<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The larvae climb up onto drier ground to pupate in the soil.\u00a0Marchand says that \u201cthe pupa state lasts but a few days, and before the emergence of the fly the pupa is pushed to the surface of the ground by means of the bristles and thorns of the abdomen, with bending movements of the body<\/em>.\u201d For more about what happens in a pupal case, see\u00a0http:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/pupal-cases\/<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Much of what is written about Black horse flies concerns their food and feeding habits.\u00a0 The larvae are active predators.\u00a0Marchand again: \u201cOn September 2, 1863, he found a nearly full-grown larva among floating rejectamenta, and between that date and September 23, this larva devoured \u2018the mollusks of eleven univalves\u2019 (genus Planorbus) from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter; and on three separate occasions observed it work its way into the mouth of the shell<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0They eat other aquatic invertebrates, too, and small vertebrates, and even their Tabanid brethren.\u00a0Jones and Anthony, in\u00a0The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Floridawrite \u201cmedium to large-size larvae of Tabanus atrata are extremely aggressive.\u00a0When two or more are placed in the same container, only a short time usually elapses before all are dead except one.\u00a0The survivor will feed on the victim if hungry, but generally it appears that a larva kills to avoid being killed<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like mosquitoes, female tabanids need a blood meal in order to maximize egg production.\u00a0Both males and females feed on nectar from flowers (he lacks her piercing mouthparts), but when she is in reproductive mode, a female will stalk livestock and other large, dark mammals by their movement and by their CO2<\/sup>trail.\u00a0She punctures her victim\u2019s skin with a pretty sophisticated set of blades (modified mandibles and maxillae) and is classed as a\u00a0sanguivore<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 more specifically, she is a\u00a0telmophage,\u00a0<\/em>because she laps up the resulting pool of blood instead of sucking it (unlike mosquitoes, who are \u201cvessel feeders\u201d or\u00a0solenophages<\/em>\u00a0that employ a \u201csyringe and pump\u201d).\u00a0Got it? \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although humans are generally not targets, a bite is, apparently, unforgettable.\u00a0When present in numbers, these flies can be a problem for livestock due to blood loss, distress, and potential disease transmission.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several resources pointed out something that the BugLady had never really thought about before \u2014 that being a sanguivore, getting a meal by puncturing an animal that is larger and that takes exception to being punctured, is a dangerous way to make a living.\u00a0The blood is, as one researcher points out, \u201cnot freely given<\/em>,\u201d and a potential victim may simply swat its tormentor away or may eat it.\u00a0The BugLady once went on a canoe trip on Wisconsin\u2019s Oconto River during which she was accompanied by clouds of deer flies and learned to swat them without breaking stroke, and after nine hours on the water, there was a layer of dead deer flies over the bottom of the canoe. (Our blood was not freely given, either.) (The 50 yards of whitewater just before the pull-out spot were pretty memorable, too.)\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another down-side of blood-feeding is that depending on the body temperature of the \u201cpierce-ee,\u201d the cold-blooded piercer is courting temperature shock by ingesting a substance that is much warmer than it<\/em> is.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The \u201ctake-home\u201d is that sanguivores need to do their work in a hurry (solenophages tend to get in and out more quickly and quietly than telmophages), and that the nutrition received needs to be worth the energy \u2013 and risk \u2014 required to extract it.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

Flies<\/a>, <\/span>horse fly<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Note: All but one of the links below go to external sites. 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