{"id":13128,"date":"2022-07-27T10:22:43","date_gmt":"2022-07-27T15:22:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=13128"},"modified":"2022-07-27T11:02:40","modified_gmt":"2022-07-27T16:02:40","slug":"a-tale-of-two-butterflies-part-2-marine-blue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/a-tale-of-two-butterflies-part-2-marine-blue\/","title":{"rendered":"A Tale of Two Butterflies \u2013 Part 2 \u2013 Marine Blue"},"content":{"rendered":"

Note: All links below go to external sites.<\/i><\/p>\n

Howdy, BugFans,<\/p>\n

A few days after she found an American Snout butterfly (of recent BOTW fame), the BugLady saw this small, pale, worn butterfly ahead of her on the ground.<\/span> At first, she thought it might be a Summer Azure probing for minerals.<\/span> Usually, they\u2019re pretty uncooperative about having their pictures taken, so she was really happy that this \u201cBlue\u201d wasn\u2019t camera shy.<\/span> When she looked at it on the camera\u2019s screen, she saw that it was not your run-of-the-mill Summer Azure.<\/span><\/p>\n

It was a Marine Blue (Leptotes marina<\/i>), a butterfly listed as \u201cA very rare stray in Wisconsin.<\/i>\u201d by the Wisconsin Butterflies\u00a0website<\/a>. Its normal range is the scrublands and deserts of southwestern of North America, south into Mexico and Central America, but it shows up as an \u201cemigrant\u201d elsewhere<\/a>. Wisconsin has had at least seven records so far this summer, one on the west side of the state, one in Madison, and the rest in Ozaukee and Sheboygan Counties, on the east side (Wisconsin butterfly watchers are a dedicated community).<\/p>\n

In\u00a0The Butterflies of Iowa<\/u> (2007), Schlicht, Downey, and Nekola pose an interesting question. Marine Blues spend only 5 to 10 days as adults. How does such a short-lived butterfly get from, say, Arizona to Iowa? Or Wisconsin, or Ohio, or New York?\u00a0 They speculate that it may be transported in shipments of alfalfa.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s an ecologically flexible species, which is a recipe for success. Marine Blues inhabit the Southwestern deserts, but they\u2019re also at home in tropical lowlands, conifer forests, higher altitudes, open\/disturbed\/\u201dweedy\u201d areas, urban gardens, and agricultural fields. There are plenty of species of food plants available for both the adults and the caterpillars.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Marine Blues (aka Striped Blues or Marine Striped Blues) are in the Gossamer-winged butterfly family Lycaenidae (Blues, Coppers, Hairstreaks, and Harvesters).\u00a0 Samuel Scudder (19th century entomologist and paleontologist and insect namer) called the genus\u00a0Letotes<\/i> the \u201cbanded blues.\u201d Like other blues, they\u2019re small, with a wingspan of a little over an inch. Males and females have similar \u201ctiger-striped\u201d underwings; the upper wings of males have a purplish tinge<\/a> (the BugLady didn\u2019t find an explanation of why a desert butterfly was named the Marine Blue, but it must have been a nod to the male\u2019s color). The blue on the females is restricted to the base of the upper wings, which often show grid-like lines that echo the pattern of stripes on the underwing<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As always, blue pigments are extraordinarily uncommon in animals; most blue is accomplished with mirrors. In butterflies, it\u2019s a result of light being bent\/diffracted by the \u201ccomplex nanoarchitecture\u201d in the cuticle of the scales that cover the butterfly\u2019s wings (for a deeper dive, see \u201cButterflies Hack Light Waves<\/i>\u201d<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Their flight is fast and erratic. Males actively patrol for females, the male flashing his wings<\/a> and \u201ccalling her\u201d with pheromones. Her response to him includes an assessment of the \u201cnutritional abundance of the environment<\/i>\u201d. She ultimately lays eggs on the flower buds of legumes.<\/p>\n

The variably-colored, slug-like caterpillars eat the flower buds and developing flowers and seeds (but never the leaves) of woody and herbaceous, wild, agricultural, and ornamental plants in the Pea\/Legume family – plants like Acacia, Mesquite, vetch, prairie clover, sweet pea, trefoils, wisteria, and alfalfa. The caterpillars eventually form a chrysalis in the litter below their host plants<\/a>. They produce multiple\/continuous broods in the far south.<\/p>\n

Adults get nectar from a variety of flowers – some legumes and some not – and sip other nutrients from dung and from damp soil<\/a>. Here are some great shots of various life stages<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Like other family members, Marine Blue caterpillars are myrmecophiles \u2013 they form close associations with ants. Ants protect them from parasitoids (insect larvae that would eat them alive) in exchange for honeydew produced by the caterpillar.<\/p>\n

Marine Blues are common throughout the Southwest, but their population in Southern California has gotten an unexpected bump (the Snout had \u201cdominoes,\u201d and so does the Marine Blue). There, Marine Blues have become urban butterflies \u2013 one source says that they\u2019re the most common butterfly in Orange County, California! In a paper that appeared in the Journal of the Lepidopterists Society in 1990, entomologist John Brown explains that the Marine Blue has been a common backyard butterfly in Southern California, where wisteria has been its favored host plant, since the 1920\u2019s. But the butterfly has jumped to a new, non-legume host, a South African evergreen shrub called Cape Plumbago (Plumbago auriculata), which is widely planted in landscaping and along roadways and blooms year round.<\/p>\n

The ant in the Southern California Marine Blue-ant partnership is the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile, formerly Iridomyrmex humilis), a pretty interesting species<\/a> that forms super colonies over vast areas and that balances the negatives of routing native ant species and being a persistent home invader with the positives of eating mealybugs and scale on citrus. Brown noted that \u201cLeptotes marina is one of few native North American butterflies that has benefited from the activities of man by its remarkable switch to a new larval host introduced from South Africa and to a nectar source and an ant introduced from South America\u00a0<\/i>[the butterflies strongly favor the introduced Brazilian pepper flowers for nectaring], none of which are closely related to the butterfly’s native resources. This flexibility undoubtedly has led to an expansion in range, at least ecologically and temporally, over the past 60 years, resulting in the butterfly’s invasion and successful colonization of urban environments<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

So \u2013 another day, another Southwestern visitor, but unlike the American Snout, there don\u2019t seem to be a set of precipitating factors for Marine Blues\u2019 wanderings (other than northbound truckloads of hay). And, unlike the Snout, Marine Blues (probably) do not produce broods at the ends of their journeys.<\/p>\n

Thanks to BugFan Freda for the use of her beautiful picture of a mint-condition Marine Blue sitting on a clover.<\/p>\n

The BugLady<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Note: All links below go to external sites. Howdy, BugFans, A few days after she found an American Snout butterfly (of recent BOTW fame), the BugLady saw this small, pale, worn butterfly ahead of her on the ground. 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