{"id":23328,"date":"2025-03-18T10:23:10","date_gmt":"2025-03-18T15:23:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/?p=23328"},"modified":"2025-03-18T13:51:01","modified_gmt":"2025-03-18T18:51:01","slug":"proving-that-green-hydrogen-can-help-increase-competitiveness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/proving-that-green-hydrogen-can-help-increase-competitiveness\/","title":{"rendered":"Proving that green hydrogen can help increase competitiveness"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

When he began his graduate studies, Hamza Alnawafah joined 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s Industrial Assessment Center as an energy engineer. Through Wisconsin\u2019s only U.S. Department of Energy funded center, teams of engineering students consult with industries to find ways to save companies money using energy-efficiency strategies. While assessing a wastewater treatment plant Alnawafah hatched an idea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wastewater treatment, an operation that exists in every community, is an energy-intensive process, he said. But because there\u2019s also widespread inefficiency, he saw an opportunity to create a single platform that could produce more than one resource while also contributing to energy sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He based the work on creating \u201cgreen\u201d hydrogen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a
Alnawafah sets up for solar-powered electrolysis. His molecule-splitting device is similar to a battery, with an anode, a cathode and water in between. When the electric current is applied, water molecules break apart, with hydrogen collecting at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. Using DC current in the electrolysis makes the process more efficient. <\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"a
Alnawafah uses LED lighting to simulate outdoor sunlight for the solar cells in his indoor experiment. <\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"a
Once split the hydrogen and oxygen then flow through the tubing into a separate container of water.\nThe larger apparatus shown here applies pressure to the hydrogen made through electrolysis. Alnawafah has discovered that applying pressure will increase the amount of hydrogen produced. <\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"a
Alnawafah removes the tube from the water and ignites the end with a lighter, demonstrating hydrogen\u2019s application as a heat source. The lit end resembles a small welding torch and he demonstrates how it rapidly burns a hole in an aluminum soda can. <\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"an
The produced oxygen is channeled to the aeration tank in the experiment. Tanks like this one, use bacteria and oxygen to break down organic waste material that is then removed from wastewater. Currently air is used for this, but air contains only 21% oxygen. Alnawafah\u2019s system would collect and immediately use 100% oxygen. He is testing whether pure oxygen will decrease the amount of time that the oxygen takes to biodegrade.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Hydrogen isn\u2019t naturally available as a fuel. It must be produced, using water and electricity in a process called electrolysis which splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. For hydrogen production to be green however, the electricity used would have to come from a renewable source, driving up the cost. The highly flammable gas is also difficult to store and transport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Solving these obstacles could pay off handsomely. Once produced, hydrogen is three times more efficient than fossil fuels and burning it gives off only water vapor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closed-loop system could offset electricity purchased from the grid<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alnawafah, a doctoral student in mechanical engineering, proposes using gray water at treatment plants and electricity from solar cells to produce green hydrogen on site. He then uses the two resulting elements \u2013 hydrogen and oxygen \u2013 in a \u201cclosed loop\u201d where the hydrogen heats the plant and oxygen improves the efficiency of the water treatment. Nothing goes to waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWastewater treatment plants take in gray water \u2013 why not instead use that in electrolysis?\u201d Alnawafah said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By optimizing the processes, he believes his closed-loop system could mean that treatment plants could make and use green hydrogen to offset much of the electricity they currently buy from the grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOur technology can be used in many different processes to arrive at several outcomes,\u201d said Ryo Amano, professor of mechanical engineering and Alnawafah\u2019s advisor. \u201cIt provides extra power and additional energy sources for utility operations.\u201d It\u2019s the only research into green hydrogen at 51ÁÔÆæ that he\u2019s aware of, Amano said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA few employees from local companies came to see the lab because there isn\u2019t anywhere else where the system concept can be displayed in a real environment,\u201d he said. \u201cIn addition, Hamza has successfully demonstrated a 15% increase in energy efficiency at one Wisconsin wastewater treatment facilities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More avenues for optimizing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers said their technology aims to make hydrogen a viable secondary source of energy at certain locations. The key to adopting green hydrogen, is controlling costs by optimizing its production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Warmer water temperature in electrolysis and boosting the pressure of the hydrogen produced make a difference in the amount of hydrogen that can be produced, Alnawafah found. In fact, it\u2019s the pressure and the flow rate that determines how much hydrogen you produce with a set amount of energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A unique aspect of the work is the researchers\u2019 recognition that oxygen is not simply a by-product, but a valuable resource. Oxygen is pumped into the plant\u2019s aeration tanks \u2013 the tanks that combine water and oxygen to accelerate the breakdown of organic material that is then removed from wastewater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Air is currently used for this, but air contains only 21% oxygen. Alnawafah\u2019s system would collect and immediately use 100% oxygen. He is now testing a hypothesis that pure oxygen will decrease the amount of time that the oxygen takes to accomplish its task.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers cite hospital complexes, which also use oxygen as a raw material, as another example of how the technology could be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWith this project, we are showing how it could be done,\u201d he said. \u201cIt won\u2019t be as cheap as using natural gas, which creates carbon emissions, but by building in efficiencies for certain large-capacity needs, we give it a place in the overall energy equation.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When he began his graduate studies, Hamza Alnawafah joined 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s Industrial Assessment Center as an energy engineer. Through Wisconsin\u2019s only U.S. Department of Energy funded center, teams of engineering students consult with industries to find ways to save companies money …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":836,"featured_media":23329,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[95,66,25,67],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy-sustainability","category-milwaukee-engineer","category-news","category-research"],"yoast_head":"\nCollege of Engineering & Applied Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/proving-that-green-hydrogen-can-help-increase-competitiveness\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Proving that green hydrogen can help increase competitiveness\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When he began his graduate studies, Hamza Alnawafah joined 51ÁÔÆæ\u2019s Industrial Assessment Center as an energy engineer. 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